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. 2022 Jul 28;13:890298. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890298

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Copyright © 2022 Gargano, Guerrera, Piras, Serafini, Di Paola, Rizzetto, Buscarinu, Annibali, Vuotto, De Bardi, D’Orso, Ruggieri, Gasperini, Pavarini, Ristori, Picozza, Rosicarelli, Ballerini, Mechelli, Vitali, Cavalieri, Salvetti, Angelini, Borsellino, De Filippo and Battistini

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Activation of monocyte cells following exposure to fungal extracts. n = 9 NEDA pwMS and 9 HD. After stimulation, the supernatants were collected and the cytokine production was measured using ELISA. (B) Activation of MAIT cells following exposure to IL-23. Fresh PBMCs were incubated with IL-23, and CD69 expression was measured after 70 h by flow cytometry analysis. n = 5 pwMS and 6 HD. (C) Proliferation of MAIT cells following exposure to IL-23. Fresh PBMCs were labeled with CFSE for 5 days. After 5 days, cells were collected and MAIT cell proliferation was measured by flow cytometry. n = 4 pwMS and 4 HD. (D) Proliferation of MAIT cells following exposure to fungal extracts and IL-23 neutralizing antibodies (n = 6). Fresh PBMC (ex vivo) were incubated with CFSE dilution for 5 days and IL-23 neutralizing antibodies. Cells were then stained and analyzed by flow cytometry. Bars represent mean with SEM. Statistical significance was assessed by paired t-test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.