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. 2022 Aug 1;13:946792. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.946792

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Copyright © 2022 Valeris-Chacin, Powledge, McAtee, Morley and Richeson.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Prevalence of bovine respiratory disease pathogens by treatment. Control: unvaccinated negative control cattle. Intranasal: cattle vaccinated intranasally with a trivalent modified-live virus (MLV) respiratory vaccine (BHV-1, BRSV, and PI3V) with parenteral BVDV type I and type II vaccine. Parenteral: cattle vaccinated with a parenteral pentavalent MLV respiratory vaccine (BHV-1, BRSV, PI3V, BVDV type I and type II). The estimation of the prevalence values assumes that the animals share the same random effects.