. 2022 Aug 1;9:954593. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593

Table 3.

Lycopene concentration in HDL₂, HDL₃, and serum following 12-week intervention with either a low tomato diet, lycopene supplement, or high tomato diet.

		N	Baseline	Wk 12	Change at wk12	Pre vs. post P-value
Serum	Low tomato diet	76	344 (22.4)	338 (26.4)^a	−5.0 (-0.82, 0.071)^a	0.765
	Lycopene supplement	68	395 (32.0)	863 (48.2)^b	469 (389, 549)^b	<0.001
	High tomato diet	81	427 (23.7)	1,146 (53.8)^c	719 (646, 793)^c	<0.001
	Between group P-value		0.068	<0.001	<0.001
HDL ₂	Low tomato diet	76	1.11 (0.11)	1.16 (0.18)	0.05 (-0.288, 0.391)	0.261
	Lycopene supplement	68	1.06 (0.12)	1.42 (0,19)	0.36 (-0.03, 0.721)	0.170
	High tomato diet	81	0.92 (0.11)	1.29 (0.17)	0.37 (0.041, 0.700)	<0.001
	Between group P-value		0.633	0.475	0.294
HDL ₃	Low tomato diet	76	0.14 (0.01)	0.14 (0.01)^a	0.01 (-0.01, 0.04)^a	0.824
	Lycopene supplement	68	0.14 (0.01)	0.18 (0.01)^a	0.03 (0.01, 0.06)^a	0.010
	High tomato diet	81	0.15 (0.01)	0.23 (0.02)^b	0.08 (0.04, 0.12)^b	<0.001
	Between group P-value		0.170	<0.001	0.006

Results are mean (SEM), apart from change from baseline which are presented as mean (95% CI). Lycopene concentration is expressed as nmol/L in serum and as nmol/mg protein in HDL fractions. Differences in concentration changes at week 12. From baseline between groups were assessed by using two-factor ANOVA (p ≤ 0.05). Paired samples t-test was used to assess pre vs. post, with significance level set p ≤ 0.05. Values with different superscript letters are statistically significantly different (LSD post-hoc test).