Table 1.

The description of the covariates included in the model

Childhood undernutrition using CIAF (outcome variable)	$\mathrm{y}\mathrm{i}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}1:\mathrm{if}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{child}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{had}\mathrm{at}\mathrm{least}\mathrm{one}\mathrm{form}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{undernourished}\left(\mathrm{CIAF}\right)\\ 0:\mathrm{if}\mathrm{child}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{is}\mathrm{nourished}\end{array}\right)$
Child level covariates	Descriptions
% of children with vitamin A	the proportion of children with vitamin A
% of children with breastfeeding	the proportion of children with breastfeeding
% of a child with comorbidity status	the proportion of children with comorbidity
% of children with a Dietary diversity score	the proportion of children with at least minimum dietary diversity score
Maternal/household-level covariates	Description
% of women with illiteracy	the proportion of women with an illiteracy rate
% of a father with illiteracy	the proportion of fathers with an illiteracy rate
% of women with high autonomy	the proportion of women with low autonomy
% of access sanitation facilities	the proportion of households with improved sanitation
% access to safe water	the proportion of households with improved water
% of women’s bmi < 18.5 kg/m2	the proportion of women with underweight BMI
% of women with media exposure	the proportion of women with media exposure
% of the working status of the mother	the proportion of women with working status
% of wealth Quantile (WQ)	the proportion of households with a high poverty rate
Geospatial covariates	Description
Average Precipitation (precp)	The average precipitation measured within the 10 km (rural) or 2 km (urban)
Average Aridity index	The ratio of annual precipitation to annual potential evapotranspiration (10 km × 10 km)
Average maximum temperature (MaxT)	The average annual maximum temperature within the 10 km (rural) or the 2 km (urban)
Average minimum temperature (MinT)	The average annual minimum temperature within the 10 km (rural) or the 2 km (urban)
Average potential evaporation (pet)	The average annual pet within the 10 km (rural) or the 2 km (urban)
Average urban–rural settlement (UR)	This is the urban–rural population classification of the area within the 10 km (rural) or the 2 km (urban)
Average Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)	The average vegetation index value within the 10 km (rural) or the 2 km (urban)
Average Wet days (WetD)	The average number of days receiving rainfall within the 10 km (rural) or 2 km (urban)