Table 1.

Some examples of heterologous protein production in L. lactis for vaccination purposes.

L. lactis strain	Expression system	Target pathogen	Heterologous protein	Immune response	Experimental model	Reference
L. lactis NZ3900	NICE: pNZ8149-SLS-F5 and pNZ8149-SLS-F5-OmpH plasmids	Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli	SLS-F5-OmpH	Mucosal IgA and serum IgG and cellular immune response	BALB/c mice	29
L. lactis MG1363	Constitutive lactococcal promoter P23:30 pLZ12Km2P23:PilM1 (PilM1) and PilM1 strains containing introduced peptides plasmids	Staphylococcus aureus	D3(22–33)	Mucosal and serum IgG and IgA	BALB/c mice	31
L. lactis MG1363	pH-inducible expression system: pAMJ and pAMJ- rOmp16-IL2 plasmids	Brucella melitensis	Omp16-Human IL-2	Serum IgG	BALB/c mice	32
L. lactis MG1363	pH-inducible expression system: pAMJ2008-CagL	Helicobacter pylori	CagL	Serum IgG, IgA and fecal IgA	BALB/c mice	33
L. lactis FnBPA+:	pValac vector for DNA delivery	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	ESAT-6 and Ag85A	Colonic tissue IgA and cellular immune response	BALB/c mice	34
L. lactis NZ900	NICE: NZ8123-HPV16-optiE7 plasmid	Human Papillomavirus Type 16	HPV-16 E7 oncogene	Serum IgG and vaginal IgA	Human	35
L. lactis NZ9000	NICE: pNZ8124::sip plasmid	Group B Streptococcus	SIP	Systemic and mucosal IgG and IgA and cellular immune response	C57BL/6 mice	36
L. lactis MG1363	Constitutive lactococcal promoter P32:30 pMG36e-VP1 plasmid	Enterovirus 71	VP1	Serum IgG and fecal IgA	BALB/c mice	37
L. lactis NZ9000	NICE: pNZ8150-pgsA-HAsd plasmid	H5N1, H3N2 and H1N1Influenza A viruses	HAsd	Serum IgG and mucosal IgA	BALB/c mice	38
L. lactis MG1363	Constitutive lactococcal promoter P32:30 pMG36e-TSOL18 and pMG36e-SP-TSOL18 plasmids	Taenia Solium	SP-TSOL18	Serum IgG and mucosal IgA and cellular immune response	Kunming mice	39
L. lactis MG1363	pH-inducible expression system: pSS1 plasmid	Plasmodium falciparum	PfCSP4/38	Serum IgG	CD1 mice	40
L. lactis NZ9000	NICE: pNZ8121- Ppsp15-egfp and pNZ8121-egfp plasmids	Leishmania major	PpSP15	Th1 type immune response	BALB/c mice	41
L. lactis NZ3900	NICE: pNZ8149-SECF1S1 plasmid	Bordetella pertussis	F1S1	Serum IgG and mucosal IgA	BALB/c mice	42
L. lactis IL1403	Constitutive lactococcal promoter Ptuf:43 pILPtuf.nCoV.h plasmid	SARS-CoV-2 virus	RBD S1	Serum IgG and fecal IgA	BALB/c mice	44
L. lactis NZ9000	NICE: pGEM-VP6 plasmid	Rotaviruses	VP6	Serum IgG and IgA	BALB/c mice	45