Table 3: Evaluation and comparison of linear and angular measurements obtained from Dolphin Imaging software used for DM cephalometric analysis and WebCeph platform used for AI-based automated cephalometric analysis, according to skeletal malocclusion classes.
| Class I | Class II | Class III | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dolphin | WebCeph | p value | Dolphin | WebCeph | p value | Dolphin | WebCeph | p value | |||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
| SNA (º) | 80.95 | 4.90 | 81.73 | 3.52 | 0.102 | 82.08 | 2.11 | 83.30 | 2.09 | 0.000 | 78.98 | 4.90 | 80.89 | 3.63 | 0.002 |
| SNB (º) | 78.97 | 5.34 | 78.23 | 4.06 | 0.075 | 76.13 | 2.22 | 77.01 | 2.15 | 0.005 | 82.13 | 5.69 | 81.54 | 4.20 | 0.221 |
| ANB (º) | 1.98 | 1.00 | 3.49 | 1.45 | 0.000 | 5.95 | 1.23 | 6.30 | 1.31 | 0.048 | -3.13 | 1.95 | -0.64 | 2.32 | 0.000 |
| NA (mm) | -1.43 | 3.62 | 0.62 | 3.06 | 0.000 | 1.66 | 3.07 | 2.79 | 2.39 | 0.014 | -2.87 | 3.81 | -0.08 | 2.86 | 0.000 |
| NPog (mm) | -4.27 | 7.41 | -3.61 | 6.22 | 0.436 | -5.94 | 6.07 | -5.51 | 4.79 | 0.607 | 2.17 | 8.54 | 3.95 | 6.75 | 0.092 |
| Y-axis (º) | 61.06 | 4.30 | 59.71 | 3.28 | 0.004 | 60.87 | 3.20 | 59.80 | 2.75 | 0.018 | 57.82 | 4.58 | 57.00 | 3.16 | 0.135 |
| SN.GoGn (º) | 31.62 | 6.36 | 31.29 | 5.74 | 0.553 | 33.08 | 6.36 | 31.28 | 5.37 | 0.000 | 32.82 | 7.57 | 31.37 | 5.07 | 0.062 |
| SN.PP (º) | 6.57 | 4.42 | 8.90 | 2.99 | 0.000 | 8.95 | 4.19 | 8.96 | 2.31 | 0.992 | 7.08 | 4.51 | 9.27 | 2.43 | 0.001 |
| ANS-Me (mm) | 66.35 | 6.67 | 71.80 | 5.98 | 0.000 | 66.01 | 5.06 | 70.73 | 5.64 | 0.000 | 64.88 | 4.58 | 71.24 | 5.63 | 0.000 |
| CoA (mm) | 81.87 | 5.10 | 88.06 | 2.82 | 0.000 | 85.49 | 5.00 | 90.14 | 3.06 | 0.000 | 79.73 | 6.24 | 87.96 | 3.07 | 0.000 |
| CoGN (mm) | 116.67 | 7.89 | 120.01 | 5.36 | 0.011 | 114.59 | 5.93 | 117.03 | 5.60 | 0.017 | 120.48 | 8.55 | 126.50 | 6.63 | 0.001 |
| U1.SN (º) | 103.13 | 7.12 | 102.99 | 5.90 | 0.845 | 100.50 | 10.36 | 103.14 | 5.39 | 0.046 | 107.49 | 6.36 | 105.83 | 5.77 | 0.000 |
| U1.PP (º) | 110.10 | 7.03 | 111.86 | 4.94 | 0.028 | 109.36 | 9.08 | 112.10 | 4.47 | 0.019 | 114.79 | 5.80 | 115.10 | 4.58 | 0.760 |
| U1-NA (mm) | 4.65 | 2.34 | 3.23 | 1.79 | 0.000 | 2.65 | 3.82 | 3.27 | 2.08 | 0.170 | 6.27 | 1.89 | 4.05 | 1.64 | 0.000 |
| U1.NA (º) | 22.35 | 6.04 | 21.33 | 4.57 | 0.235 | 18.45 | 10.25 | 19.85 | 5.31 | 0.244 | 28.53 | 5.37 | 25.01 | 4.22 | 0.001 |
| L1-APog | 2.04 | 2.00 | 1.68 | 2.20 | 0.026 | 1.09 | 3.50 | 2.12 | 2.85 | 0.002 | 4.03 | 3.22 | 2.75 | 2.72 | 0.000 |
| IMPA (º) | 90.15 | 4.98 | 92.58 | 4.76 | 0.000 | 95.08 | 7.39 | 99.45 | 5.31 | 0.000 | 82.93 | 7.47 | 84.41 | 6.80 | 0.044 |
| L1-NB (mm) | 4.10 | 1.80 | 4.99 | 1.94 | 0.000 | 5.72 | 3.15 | 7.05 | 2.58 | 0.000 | 3.04 | 2.15 | 3.43 | 1.73 | 0.122 |
| L1.NB (º) | 22.62 | 5.41 | 23.89 | 4.06 | 0.128 | 26.46 | 8.96 | 29.26 | 4.76 | 0.018 | 19.49 | 5.27 | 18.69 | 3.73 | 0.265 |
| I/I (º) | 132.73 | 8.19 | 131.42 | 7.29 | 0.130 | 128.35 | 15.68 | 124.65 | 8.48 | 0.031 | 135.50 | 9.41 | 137.08 | 5.86 | 0.225 |
| NLA (º) | 110.73 | 11.45 | 99.95 | 7.41 | 0.000 | 110.00 | 11.83 | 99.56 | 5.28 | 0.000 | 101.64 | 13.67 | 91.65 | 9.62 | 0.000 |
| ULE (mm) | -4.98 | 2.03 | -3.54 | 1.91 | 0.000 | -2.66 | 2.15 | -0.97 | 2.17 | 0.000 | -6.28 | 3.30 | -6.41 | 2.25 | 0.759 |
| LLE (mm) | -2.49 | 2.29 | -2.94 | 2.53 | 0.046 | -0.75 | 2.72 | -0.73 | 2.58 | 0.932 | -3.58 | 3.90 | -3.55 | 2.73 | 0.943 |
NPog= Nasion?Pogonion; NA= Nasion?A point; ANS-Me= Anterior Nasal Spine?Menton; CoA= Condylion?A point; CoGn= Condylion?Gnathion; U1-NA= Long axis of upper incisor?Nasion-A point; L1-APog= Long axis of lower incisor?A point-Pogonion; L1-NB= Long axis of lower incisor?Nasion-B point; ULE= Distance of upper lip anterior point and Esthetic line; LLE= Distance of lower lip anterior point and Esthetic line; SNA= Sella.Nasion.A point; SNB= Sella.Nasion.B point; ANB= A point.Nasion.B point; SN.GoGn= Sella-Nasion.Gonion-Gnathion; SN.PP= Sella-Nasion.Palatal Plane; U1.SN= Long axis of upper incisor.Sella-Nasion; U1.PP= Long axis of upper incisor.Palatal Plane; U1.NA= Long axis of upper incisor.Nasion-A point; IMPA= long axis of lower incisor.Mandibular Plane; L1.NB= Long axis of lower incisor.Nasion-B point; I/I= Interincisal angle; NLA= Nasolabial angle; (º)= Degree (for angle); (mm)= millimeter (for distance); SD= Standard Deviation; Min= Minimum; Max= Maximum. Statistical significance degree= p < 0.05.