Table 2:
Adjusted associations between socioeconomic characteristics and individual stressors among participants (n = 21 605) of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) at the time of the CLSA COVID-19 Questionnaire Study exit survey (September–December 2020)
| Characteristic | Adjusted PR (95% CI)* | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participant was ill | Someone close was ill | Someone close died | Loss of income | Unable to access food or supplies | Unable to access health care | Unable to access prescriptions | Increased conflict | Separation from family | Increased caregiving | Unable to care for those who require assistance | Breakdown in family relationships | |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 1.22 (1.14–1.33) | 1.16 (1.09–1.24) | 1.17 (1.10–1.25) | 0.89 (0.83–0.96) | 1.05 (0.93–1.18) | 1.05 (1.00–1.09) | 1.11 (0.98–1.26) | 1.10 (0.98–1.23) | 1.31 (1.28–1.35) | 1.49 (1.37–1.62) | 1.33 (1.22–1.45) | 1.28 (1.12–1.45) |
| Age group, yr | ||||||||||||
| 50–64 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 65–74 | 0.90 (0.82–0.99) | 0.84 (0.77–0.92) | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 0.62 (0.57–0.58) | 0.63 (0.54–0.72) | 0.92 (0.87–0.98) | 0.82 (0.70–0.96) | 0.69 (0.60–0.79) | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) | 0.70 (0.63–0.78) | 0.78 (0.70–0.87) | 0.68 (0.58–0.80) |
| 75–96 | 0.70 (0.62–0.78) | 0.80 (0.72–0.88) | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) | 0.31 (0.26–0.36) | 0.36 (0.29–0.43) | 0.68 (0.63–0.74) | 0.62 (0.51–0.75) | 0.57 (0.47–0.67) | 0.87 (0.83–0.90) | 0.52 (0.46–0.60) | 0.51 (0.44–0.59) | 0.50 (0.41–0.61) |
| Racial background | ||||||||||||
| White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Nonwhite | 0.82 (0.64–1.04) | 0.90 (0.72–1.10) | 1.34 (1.13–1.57) | 1.08 (0.90–1.28) | 0.95 (0.68–1.29) | 0.81 (0.68–0.94) | 0.83 (0.55–1.19) | 0.81 (0.56–1.12) | 0.81 (0.73–0.88) | 0.88 (0.68–1.11) | 0.95 (0.72–1.21) | 0.93 (0.63–1.33) |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Secondary school or less | 0.87 (0.77–0.97) | 0.86 (0.77–0.95) | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) | 0.90 (0.75–1.07) | 0.90 (0.84–0.98) | 0.96 (0.79–1.15) | 0.96 (0.81–1.13) | 0.87 (0.83–0.91) | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) | 0.73 (0.66–0.85) | 0.87 (0.71–1.05) |
| Some postsecondary education | 1.01 (0.75–1.15) | 1.09 (0.96–1.23) | 1.05 (0.93–1.18) | 1.02 (0.89–1.16) | 1.14 (0.93–1.38) | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 1.20 (0.97–1.47) | 1.01 (0.81–1.23) | 0.97 (0.92–1.01) | 0.89 (0.75–1.04) | 1.01 (0.85–1.18) | 1.12 (0.88–1.40) |
| Postsecondary degree or diploma | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Household income, $ | ||||||||||||
| < 50000 | 1.22 (1.08–1.38) | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) | 1.31 (1.17–1.47) | 1.40 (1.16–1.69) | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 1.12 (0.92–1.37) | 1.15 (0.96–1.38) | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) | 0.89 (0.77–1.02) | 1.06 (0.92–1.23) | 1.27 (1.03–1.56) |
| 50000–99999 | 1.04 (0.93–1.15) | 1.02 (0.94–1.12) | 0.99 (0.91–1.09) | 1.03 (0.94–1.14) | 1.10 (0.93–1.29) | 1.03 (0.96–1.10) | 0.96 (0.81–1.14) | 0.97 (0.83–1.12) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 0.97 (0.86–1.09) | 1.04 (0.87–1.24) |
| 100000–149999 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| ≥ 150000 | 1.05 (0.93–1.19) | 1.04 (0.94–1.16) | 0.86 (0.77–0.96) | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | 1.10 (0.92–1.32) | 0.96 (0.88–1.04) | 0.95 (0.78–1.15) | 0.83 (0.69–0.98) | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 0.98 (0.80–1.20) |
| Region | ||||||||||||
| Atlantic | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quebec | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) | 1.52 (1.37–1.69) | 0.84 (0.76–0.94) | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) | 0.47 (0.37–0.60) | 0.53 (0.48–0.58) | 0.37 (0.28–0.48) | 1.31 (1.07–1.59) | 0.81 (0.77–0.85) | 0.58 (0.49–0.67) | 0.90 (0.76–1.06) | 2.15 (1.74–2.67) |
| Ontario | 1.07 (0.95–1.19) | 1.08 (0.97–1.21) | 0.91 (0.83–1.01) | 1.29 (1.14–1.45) | 1.34 (1.13–1.60) | 1.19 (1.11–1.28) | 1.25 (1.04–1.50) | 1.50 (1.25–1.80) | 1.20 (1.15–1.24) | 1.15 (1.02–1.30) | 1.39 (1.21–1.60) | 1.44 (1.15–1.81) |
| Prairies | 0.96 (0.85–1.08) | 1.16 (1.04–1.30) | 0.88 (0.79–0.97) | 1.50 (1.34–1.68) | 1.19 (0.99–1.42) | 0.70 (0.64–0.76) | 1.11 (0.92–1.34) | 1.40 (1.16–1.69) | 1.15 (1.11–1.20) | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | 1.32 (1.14–1.52) | 1.47 (1.17–1.84) |
| British Columbia | 1.13 (1.01–1.27) | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 0.83 (0.75–0.92) | 1.44 (1.28–1.62) | 1.41 (1.18–1.69) | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | 1.10 (0.91–1.33) | 1.54 (1.28–1.87) | 1.10 (1.06–1.15) | 1.15 (1.01–1.31) | 1.28 (1.11–1.49) | 1.50 (1.20–1.88) |
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Single (never married or never lived with partner) | 1.18 (1.03–1.34) | 0.85 (0.75–0.97) | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | 1.06 (0.85–1.30) | 1.06 (0.96–1.16) | 1.27 (1.02–1.57) | 0.81 (0.65–1.00) | 0.89 (0.84–0.94) | 0.72 (0.60–0.86) | 0.82 (0.69–0.98) | 0.99 (0.79–1.22) |
| Married or common-law | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Widowed | 1.06 (0.92–1.22) | 0.82 (0.71–0.93) | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) | 0.86 (0.71–1.03) | 0.98 (0.76–1.25) | 0.95 (0.86–1.06) | 0.93 (0.73–1.19) | 0.67 (0.51–0.85) | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) | 0.61 (0.49–0.74) | 0.85 (0.71–1.03) | 0.93 (0.71–1.19) |
| Divorced or separated | 1.15 (1.02–1.29) | 0.81 (0.72–0.91) | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 1.12 (1.01–1.24) | 1.35 (1.13–1.59) | 1.08 (0.99–1.16) | 1.13 (0.92–1.37) | 0.91 (0.76–1.09) | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 0.80 (0.69–0.96) | 0.91 (0.78–1.05) | 1.00 (0.81–1.21) |
| Essential worker status | ||||||||||||
| Does not work outside the home | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Essential worker | 0.95 (0.83–1.07) | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1.61 (1.43–1.80) | 1.01 (0.85–1.20) | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | 1.01 (0.83–1.23) | 1.19 (1.00–1.40) | 0.93 (0.88–0.97) | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 1.25 (1.03–1.51) |
| Not essential worker | 0.89 (0.80–1.00) | 1.00 (0.90–1.10) | 0.94 (0.85–1.04) | 3.04 (2.78–3.32) | 0.79 (0.67–0.94) | 0.88 (0.82–0.95) | 0.86 (0.72–1.04) | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | 1.11 (0.99–1.24) | 1.03 (0.90–1.16) | 1.10 (0.92–1.31) |
| Urban or rural status | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Rural | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | 0.92 (0.85–1.01) | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 1.05 (0.89–1.22) | 1.00 (0.87–1.16) | 0.96 (0.93–1.00) | 0.98 (0.89–1.09) | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) | 1.02 (0.87–1.20) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, PR = prevalence ratio.
*
Adjusted for all other variables listed in the table (sex, age group, racial background, education, household income, region, marital status, essential worker status and urban or rural status).