Table 2. Pooled MD (95% confidence interval) and heterogeneity of anthropometric indices.
| Outcomes | Heterogeneity index | Number of studies | Pooled MD (95% CI) # |
|---|---|---|---|
| Waist circumference (cm) | I^2: 78.2%; p<0.001 | 12 | 6.83 (5.37 to 8.30) * |
| Neck circumference (cm) | I^2: 0%; p: 0.709 | 5 | 1.00 (0.79 to 1.20) * |
| Hip circumference (cm) | I^2: 84.3%; p<0.001 | 5 | 7.79 (2.27 to 13.31) * |
| Waist Hip Ratio | I^2: 89.2%; p<0.001 | 9 | 0.03 (0.02 to 0.04) * |
| Height (cm) | I^2: 0%; p: 0.975 | 9 | -0.24 (-0.37 to -0.10) * |
| Visceral Adipose Tissue Depth (cm) | I^2: 95.8%; p<0.001 | 4 | 0.74 (0.11 to 1.36) * |
| Fat mass percentage | I^2: ---; p: --- | 1 | 44.82 (39.92 to 49.72) * |
| Subcutaneous adipose tissues (cm) | I^2: 100%; p<0.001 | 6 | 2.15 (-1.66 to 5.96) |
| Total adipose tissues thickness (cm) | I^2: ---; p: --- | 1 | 1.23 (0.67 to 1.79) * |
| Fat mass Index (kg/m^2) | I^2: 85.4%; p: 0.009 | 2 | 0.89 (0.43 to 1.35) * |
| Skeletal muscle mass percentage | I^2: 83.2%; p: 0.015 | 2 | -2.11 (-3.61 to -0.61) * |
| Fat free mass (42) | I^2: ---; p: --- | 1 | 2.14 (2.00 to 2.28) * |
| Muscular mass [42] | I^2: ---; p: --- | 1 | 1.29 (1.21 to 1.37) * |
| Skin fold fat thickness (mm) | I^2: ---; p: --- | 1 | 68.40 (36.20 to 100.6) * |
| Mid upper arm circumference (mm) | I^2: 0%; p: 0.655 | 3 | 0.08 (0.06 to 0.10) * |
| Intra peritoneal fat thickness (mm) | I^2: ---; p: --- | 1 | 11.71 (1.31 to 22.11) * |
| Perirenal fat thickness (mm) | I^2: ---; p: --- | 1 | 0.57 (-3.66 to 4.80) |
| Fat mass [42] | I^2: ---; p: --- | 1 | 2.44 (2.28 to 2.60) * |
| Visceral fat level | I^2: ---; p: --- | 1 | 0.27 (0.25 to 0.29) * |
| Lean trunk mass [42] | I^2: ---; p: --- | 1 | 1.04 (0.97 to 1.11) * |
| Fat free mass percentage | I^2: ---; p: --- | 1 | -1.71 (-2.20 to -1.22) * |
| Fat mass fat free mass ratio | I^2: ---; p: --- | 1 | 0.04 (0.03 to 0.05) * |
CI: Confidence Interval
*: significant
# Positive pooled MD means the index was higher in GDM compared to non-GDM, and negative pooled MD means the index was lower in GDM compared to non-GDM.