Fig 2. MSE for variable recombination rates.

The normalized MSE of feedforward neural network estimators of the mutation rate compared to model-based estimators. In particular, the adaptive networks trained with a fixed recombination rate are compared to the networks trained with variable recombination rates. The recombination rate is given by ρ = 0, …, 50 or ρ = 1000, while the sample size n = 40 and mutation rate θ = 40 are fixed. MSE estimates are based on 10⁵ independently simulated SFS for each value of ρ.