Table 4.
Risk of lung cancer associated with occupational cumulative PAH exposure by smoking status, gender, and histologic subtype.
| Cumulative PAH exposure | Never smokersa | Former smokersb | Current smokersc | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Histology | (BaP μg/m3-years) | Case | Control | OR (95% CI) | Case | Control | OR (95% CI) | Case | Control | OR (95% CI) |
| Men | ||||||||||
| All | Unexposed | 379 | 3,547 | 1 | 3,419 | 5,424 | 1 | 5,786 | 3,403 | 1 |
| <0.24 | 46 | 401 | 1.06 (0.76–1.48) | 631 | 919 | 1.02 (0.91–1.16) | 1,149 | 614 | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | |
| >0.24 | 65 | 489 | 1.31 (0.98–1.75) | 737 | 985 | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 1,393 | 669 | 1.15 (1.04–1.28) | |
| Test for trend, P value d | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.02 | |||||||
| Without reference group | 0.31 | 0.52 | 0.04 | |||||||
| AC | Unexposed | 140 | 3,547 | 1 | 937 | 5,424 | 1 | 1,352 | 3,403 | 1 |
| <0.24 | 18 | 401 | 1.03 (0.62–1.72) | 153 | 919 | 0.91 (0.75–1.10) | 258 | 614 | 1.03 (0.86–1.22) | |
| >0.24 | 21 | 489 | 1.07 (0.66–1.73) | 182 | 985 | 1.00 (0.84–1.20) | 264 | 669 | 0.99 (0.84–1.17) | |
| Test for trend, P value d | 0.78 | 0.78 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Without reference group | 0.92 | 0.42 | 0.76 | |||||||
| SqC | Unexposed | 112 | 3,547 | 1 | 1,452 | 5,424 | 1 | 2,440 | 3,403 | 1 |
| <0.24 | 10 | 401 | 0.83 (0.42–1.63) | 302 | 919 | 1.19 (1.02–1.39) | 498 | 614 | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) | |
| >0.24 | 19 | 489 | 1.33 (0.80–2.21) | 342 | 985 | 1.14 (0.99–1.33) | 653 | 669 | 1.24 (1.09–1.41) | |
| Test for trend, P value d | 0.40 | 0.03 | 0.0026 | |||||||
| Without reference group | 0.24 | 0.70 | 0.02 | |||||||
| SCLC | Unexposed | 37 | 3,547 | 1 | 453 | 5,424 | 1 | 1,069 | 3,403 | 1 |
| <0.24 | 7 | 401 | 1.59 (0.68–3.72) | 73 | 919 | 0.88 (0.67–1.16) | 200 | 614 | 0.99 (0.82–1.20) | |
| >0.24 | 12 | 489 | 2.53 (1.28–4.99) | 101 | 985 | 1.17 (0.92–1.49) | 248 | 669 | 1.21 (1.02–1.44) | |
| Test for trend, P value d | 0.01 | 0.36 | 0.06 | |||||||
| Without reference group | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.09 | |||||||
| Women | ||||||||||
| All | Unexposed | 771 | 2,364 | 1 | 525 | 762 | 1 | 1,382 | 752 | 1 |
| <0.24 | 73 | 231 | 0.96 (0.73–1.28) | 71 | 92 | 1.27 (0.88–1.84) | 232 | 98 | 1.31 (0.99–1.74) | |
| >0.24 | 35 | 121 | 0.83 (0.56–1.23) | 49 | 38 | 1.94 (1.19–3.17) | 158 | 56 | 1.35 (0.95–1.90) | |
| Test for trend, P value d | 0.37 | 0.005 | 0.02 | |||||||
| Without reference group | 0.52 | 0.15 | 0.90 | |||||||
| AC | Unexposed | 461 | 2364 | 1 | 239 | 762 | 1 | 499 | 752 | 1 |
| <0.24 | 44 | 231 | 1.00 (0.71–1.42) | 25 | 92 | 0.95 (0.57–1.57) | 77 | 98 | 1.09 (0.76–1.56) | |
| >0.24 | 16 | 121 | 0.61 (0.35–1.06) | 16 | 38 | 1.37 (0.71–2.65) | 50 | 56 | 1.19 (0.77–1.84) | |
| Test for trend, P value d | 0.15 | 0.51 | 0.39 | |||||||
| Without reference group | 0.13 | 0.36 | 0.76 | |||||||
| SqC | Unexposed | 103 | 2364 | 1 | 116 | 762 | 1 | 300 | 752 | 1 |
| <0.24 | 8 | 231 | 0.76 (0.36–1.59) | 27 | 92 | 2.05 (1.17–3.59) | 60 | 98 | 1.72 (1.14–2.59) | |
| >0.24 | 5 | 121 | 0.75 (0.29–1.95) | 15 | 38 | 3.40 (1.55–7.45) | 41 | 56 | 1.98 (1.22–3.22) | |
| Test for trend, P value d | 0.38 | 0.0002 | 0.0005 | |||||||
| Without reference group | 0.98 | 0.27 | 0.64 | |||||||
| SCLC | Unexposed | 42 | 2,364 | 1 | 66 | 762 | 1 | 296 | 752 | 1 |
| <0.24 | 7 | 231 | 1.61 (0.69–3.72) | 6 | 92 | 0.78 (0.30–2.06) | 55 | 98 | 1.54 (1.02–2.34) | |
| >0.24 | 6 | 121 | 3.02 (1.21–7.59) | 8 | 38 | 3.84 (1.40–10.54) | 44 | 56 | 1.94 (1.18–3.18) | |
| Test for trend, P value d | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.002 | |||||||
| Without reference group | 0.29 | 0.02 | 0.46 | |||||||
Abbreviations: AC, adenocarcinoma; BaP, benzo[a]pyrene; CI, confidence intervals; OR, odds ratio; PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; SCLC, small cell lung cancer; SqC, squamous cell cancers.
aAdjusted for study, age-group, List-A job.
bAdjusted for study, age-group, List-A job, pack-years and time since quitting.
cAdjusted for study, age-group, List-A job, and pack-years.
d P value obtained using the ordinal variable for respective exposure index.