Table 1.
EVs and their cargoes as biomarkers of aging-related diseases.
| Disease | Nanovesicle | Source of EVs | Biomarkers | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD | NDEs | Human blood | GAP43, neurogranin, SNAP25 and synaptophysin 1↓ | [34] |
| Exosomes | Human serum | Gelsolin↓ | [40] | |
| NDEVs | Human plasma | Aβ42, p181-tau, and MMP-9↑ | [41] | |
| EVs | Human plasma | The size of EVs↑ The number of EVs↓ |
[42] | |
| NEVs | Mouse plasma | t-tau, p181-tau, and Aβ42↑ | [43] | |
| NEVs | Human serum | p181-tau, p231-tau, and annual rate of change in insulin signaling biomarkers↑ | [39, 44] | |
| NDEs | Human plasma | Aβ1-42↑ SS-16 scores↓ |
[45] | |
| Hypertension | Exosomes | Urine | PTC-EMPs↑ | [53] |
| EVs | Urine | p16+ EVs↑ | [54] | |
| Exosomes | Urine | miR-192-5p and miR-204-5p↓ | [55] | |
| T2DM | EVs | Human plasma | IGHG-1, miR-324-5p, miR-376c-3p, and miR-374b-5p↓ ITIH2 protein, serum ferritin, miR-141-3p, and miR-26b-5p↑ |
[56] |
| DN | Exosomes | Urine | miR-4534↑ | [57] |
| DR | EVs | Human serum | miR-431-5p↑ | [58] |
| EVs | Human plasma | miR-150-5p↓ miR-21-3p, and miR-30b-5p↑ |
[59, 60] | |
| Small EVs | Human plasma | TNFAIP8↑ | [61] |
Abbreviations: NEVs: neuronal extracellular vesicles; NDEVs: neuronally derived extracellular vesicles; NDEs: neuronal-derived exosomes; IGHG-1: immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1; ITIH2 protein: interalpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2 protein; TNFAIP8: tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8.