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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Epidemiology. 2022 Jun 6;33(5):699–706. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001516

Figure 1:

Figure 1:

Relationships between target population, study sample, and analytic sample. Note that, in addition to selection bias, threats to internal validity also includes confounding and measurement bias.