Table 4.
Changes in outcomes during low-calorie diet and weight loss maintenance by intervention group in the intention-to-treat population
| LOW-CALORIE DIET | WEIGHT MAINTENANCE PHASE | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 195) | Placebo (n = 49) | Exercise (n = 48) | Liraglutide (n = 49) | Liraglutide + Exercise (n = 49) | |
| EATING BEHAVIOR | |||||
| Cognitive restraint score (no unit) | 5.3 (3.0; 7.7) | −4.6 (−9.6; 0.4) | −1.0 (−6.1;4.1) | 3.1 (−1.8; 8.0) | 1.3 (−3.5; 6.0) |
| Emotional eating score (no unit) | −3.7 (−6.5; −0.8) | 1.4 (−4.5; 7.4) | 0.2 (−5.9; 6.3) | −3.8 (−9.6; 2.1) | −1.8 (−7.4; 3.9) |
| Uncontrolled eating score (no unit) | −6.1 (−8.1; −4.1) | 1.5 (−3.4;6.5) | −4.5 (−9.5;0.5) | −2.9 (−7.7; 2.0) | −3.7 (−8.3; 1.0) |
| SUBJECTIVE APPETITE RATINGS (POSTPRANDIAL) | |||||
| PFC (180 min x mm) | −453 (−878; −29) | 1283 (435; 2132) | 1382 (531; 2233) | −10 (−818; 799) | 1007 (216; 1798) |
| Hunger (180 min x mm) | −168 (−622; 287) | 1469 (527; 2412) | 1344 (400; 2288) | −121 (−1018; 776) | 1332 (455; 2211) |
| Fullness (180 min x mm) | 478 (31; 925) | −1261 (−2203;−318) | −1138 (−2082; −194) | −359 (−1259; 541) | −1081 (−1962;−199) |
| Satiety (180 min x mm) | 486 (55; 918) | −1247 (−2187; −306) | −1318 (−2260; −377) | −284 (−1179; 612) | −1122 (−1998;−246) |
| OAS score (180 min x mm) | 395 (9; 782) | −1322 (−2128; −516) | −1310 (−2117; −503) | −122 (−890; 646) | −1154 (−1905; 403) |
| FOOD PREFERENCES | |||||
| High fat sweet, Explicit liking (mm) | −9.2 (−12.0; −6.5) | −2.1 (−7.6; 3.3) | 2.1 (−3.6; 7.7) | −6.1 (−11.5; −0.7) | 1.1 (−4.1; 6.3) |
| High fat sweet, Implicit wanting (no unit) | −9.4 (−12.7; 6.1) | 7.0 (1.8; 12.3) | 8.1 (2.6; 13.6) | 2.3 (−2.9; 7.4) | 2.7 (−2.3; 7.7) |
| High fat savory, Explicit liking (mm) | −2.1 (−4.9; 0.7) | −5.7 (−11.5; 0.1) | −4.7 (−10.7; 1.3) | −11.4 (−17.1; −5.7) | 0.5 (−5.0; 6.1) |
| High fat savory, Implicit wanting (no unit) | 6.8 (3.9; 9.8) | −6.9 (−12.7; −1.1) | −8.5 (−14.5; −2.5) | −10.2 (−15.9; −4.5) | −3.3 (−8.8; 2.2) |
| ACCELEROMETER-DERIVED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY | |||||
| Sedentary time (min/day) | −7 (−20; 6) | 34 (4; 63) | −2 (−30; 27) | 11 (−20; 42) | 21 (−7; 49) |
| Light-intensity PA (min/day) | −7 (−14; 0) | 4 (−13; 20) | −1 (−17; 14) | −8.0 (−25; 9) | 14 (−1; 29) |
| MVPAa | 0.99 (0.93; 1.04) | 1.03 (0.91; 1.17) | 1.05 (0.93; 1.18) | 1.00 (0.88; 1.14) | 1.08 (0.96; 1.21) |
| SELF-REPORTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY | |||||
| Sitting time (min/day) | 5 (−25; 34) | 33 (−21; 88) | −17 (−76; 43) | −39 (−92; 15) | −54 (−107; 0) |
| Walkinga | 1.04 (0.89; 1.23) | 0.85 (0.60; 1.21) | 0.99 (0.69; 1.42) | 1.18 (0.82; 1.69) | 1.03 (0.73; 1.46) |
| MVPAa | 1.06 (0.87; 1.29) | 1.11 (0.77; 1.61) | 1.53 (1.09; 2.14) | 0.81 (0.57; 1.15) | 1.31 (0.94; 1.82) |
PFC prospective food consumption, OAS overall appetite suppression, MVPA moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity.
Results are presented for all randomized participants (intention-to-treat population) as estimated mean changes (95% CI) during the low-calorie diet for all groups combined and for the four groups separately from randomization to week 52. Values were estimated from a linear mixed model with time, group, sex, age, and a time group interaction as fixed effects.
aValues are estimated geometric mean ratios (below one is a decrease and above one is an increase).