TABLE 3.

Pre and post signed-path coefficients of multivariate granger causality analysis results showing significant Time × Group Interaction in the two groups.

ROI1	ROI2	F-value (interaction)	p-value	The immersive-VR group			The control group
				Pre	Post	p-value	Pre	Post	p-value
Tha_R_8_4	pSTS_R_2_2	13.1626	0.0012	–0.1985	0.2932	0.0353	0.1310	−0.3468	0.0034
BG_R_6_1	MFG_R_7_3	12.6577	0.0014	–0.1451	0.6196	0.0139	0.2766	–0.2037	0.0204
MTG_L_4_4	MFG_L_7_3	12.6051	0.0014	–0.3213	0.4266	0.0381	0.1422	–0.0565	0.0042
INS_L_6_6	MFG_L_7_3	12.2226	0.0017	–0.2762	0.7078	0.0367	0.0658	–0.3920	0.0058
Amyg_L_2_2	MFG_R_7_3	12.1175	0.0017	–0.1749	0.9664	0.0056	0.1580	–0.2898	0.0896
Amyg_L_2_1	MFG_L_7_3	11.5652	0.0021	0.4474	0.8533	0.0194	0.4888	0.1183	0.0237
INS_L_6_3	Tha_L_8_5	11.1440	0.0025	–0.4270	–0.1809	0.0605	–0.3025	0.3370	0.0048
CG_L_7_4	Hipp_L_2_2	11.0412	0.0026	0.0587	0.4399	0.0936	0.3264	−0.4113	0.0023
INS_R_6_3	SFG_R_7_7	10.9122	0.0027	–0.1939	0.5035	0.0173	0.2837	–0.1126	0.0408
Tha_L_8_4	MTG_L_4_3	10.2591	0.0035	0.2524	–0.2244	0.1904	0.0348	0.4577	0.0009
INS_R_6_5	MFG_L_7_3	10.1095	0.0037	–0.3646	0.7435	0.0881	0.0584	–0.2839	0.0048
Amyg_L_2_2	MTG_R_4_2	9.8908	0.0040	0.3379	0.7306	0.0658	0.7161	–0.3253	0.0096
Amyg_L_2_1	SFG_R_7_7	9.8481	0.0041	0.1964	0.5424	0.0058	0.4969	0.1166	0.2551

Group mean path coefficients with predictions going from ROI1 to ROI2 are shown. Group means in bold are significantly different from zero (two-tailed tests; p ≤ 0.05). SFG, superior frontal gyrus; MFG, middle frontal gyrus; MTG, middle temporal gyrus; ITG, inferior temporal gyrus; pSTS, posterior superior temporal sulcus; INS, insular gyrus; CG, cingulate gyrus; Amyg, amygdala; Hipp, hippocampus; BG, basal ganglia; Tha, Thalamus. Bold values designate that group means are significantly different from zero.