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. 2022 Aug 2;13:933498. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.933498

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Copyright © 2022 Abdelkhalek, El-Gendi, Al-Askar, Maresca, Moawad, Elsharkawy, Younes and Behiry.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The effect of Rhizobium cells and supernatant treatment upon the relative expression levels of four pathogen-related genes after 2, 4, and 5 dpi of Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) infection for faba bean plants, including (A) PR-I, (B) PR-2, (C) PR-2, and (D) PR-5 genes. G1: control plants, G2: BYMV-infected plants, G3: plants of soil treated with a Rhizobium isolate 4 days before BYMV inoculation, G4: plants treated by foliar spraying of culture filtrate, 24 h before inoculation with BYMV. The columns reflect the mean of five biological replicates, while the bars represent the standard deviation (±SD). Columns with the same letter meaning do not differ significantly.