Table 2.
Participants’ COPD status
| Variables | Characteristics | COPD | Non-COPD | P* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 827 (19.7) | 2,415 (80.3) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 307 (6.0) | 4,170 (94.0) | ||
| Age | 62.63 ± 0.39 | 53.55 ± 0.17 | < 0.001 | |
| Educational level | ≤ Elementary school | 424 (21.0) | 1,611 (79.0) | < 0.001 |
| Middle school | 184 (16.1) | 889 (83.9) | ||
| High school | 298 (10.3) | 2,129 (89.7) | ||
| ≥ University or College | 180 (8.3) | 1,635 (91.7) | ||
| Household income | Low | 360 (22.7) | 1,189 (77.3) | < 0.001 |
| Middle-low | 316 (13.9) | 1,685 (86.1) | ||
| Middle-high | 228 (10.8) | 1,680 (89.2) | ||
| High | 224 (8.6) | 1,999 (91.4) | ||
| Smoking | Never smoker | 401 (7.7) | 4,330 (92.3) | < 0.001 |
| Former smoker | 414 (19.4) | 1,264 (80.6) | ||
| Current smoker | 305 (19.3) | 900 (80.7) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | < 1 per month | 525 (12.2) | 3,374 (87.8) | 0.194 |
| ≥ 1 per month | 595 (13.3) | 3,120 (86.7) | ||
| Tooth brushing | < 3 | 653 (15.0) | 3,164 (85.0) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 3 | 435 (10.1) | 3,220 (89.9) | ||
| Dental check-up | Yes | 332 (10.9) | 2,093 (89.1) | 0.008 |
| No | 755 (13.4) | 4,289 (86.6) | ||
| Periodontal status | CPI = 0 | 109 (6.7) | 1,259 (93.3) | < 0.001 |
| CPI = 1–2 | 198 (8.8) | 1,923 (91.2) | ||
| CPI = 3–4 | 750 (17.7) | 2,975 (82.3) | ||
| Number of missing teeth | 7.43 ± 0.31 | 3.42 ± 0.09 | < 0.001 |
Data are presented as the mean ± standard error for continuous variables or as n (%) for categorical variables.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPI, Community Periodontal Index.
*
Chi-squared test or t-test.