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. 2020 Oct 16;70(1):38–44. doi: 10.1111/idj.12515

Table 1.

Comparison of demographic and oral health-care-related variables between the groups that did and did not receive orthodontic treatment

Variable Division Orthodontic treatment
P-value
Yes No
All 677 (7.1) 11,055 (92.9)
Age (years) 30.9 ± 0.404 45.8 ± 0.238 <0.001***
Sex Male 222 (5.5) 5,107 (94.5) <0.001***
Female 455 (8.8) 5,948 (91.2)
Household income Low 27 (2.4) 2,002 (97.6) <0.001***
Middle-low 144 (5.9) 2,885 (94.1)
Middle-high 227 (7.7) 3,113 (92.3)
High 279 (9.6) 3,055 (90.4)
Education ≤Elementary school 7 (0.4) 2,088 (99.6) <0.001***
Middle school 11 (0.9) 1,325 (99.1)
High school 115 (3.7) 3,452 (96.3)
≥University or college 544 (12.3) 4,190 (87.7)
Smoking Yes 118 (5.5) 2,306 (94.5) 0.002**
No 559 (7.6) 8,749 (92.4)
Alcohol consumption <1 alcoholic drink per month 248 (7.0) 4,347 (93.0) 0.742
≥1 alcoholic drink per month 429 (7.2) 6,708 (92.8)
Frequency of toothbrushing per day ≤1 23 (2.5) 1,355 (97.5) <0.001***
2 205 (5.8) 4,244 (94.2)
≥3 449 (8.9) 5,456 (91.1)
Use of oral health-care products Yes 444 (8.7) 5,544 (91.3) <0.001***
No 233 (5.4) 5,511 (94.6)
Annual professional oral examination Yes 267 (9.1) 3,163 (90.9) <0.001***
No 410 (6.3) 7,892 (93.7)
**

Values are given as n (%) or mean ± standard error.P < 0.01;

***

***P < 0.001; P-value calculated using complex samples t-test and chi-squared test.