Table 3.

Association between orthodontic treatment and dental caries

Variable*	Models†	Adjusted factors	OR	95% CI	P-value‡
Orthodontic treatment (ref. no)	Model 1	Unadjusted model	0.597	0.482–0.739	<0.001
	Model 2	Model 1 + demographic factor	0.538	0.432–0.669	<0.001
	Model 3	Model 2 + socio-economic factor	0.577	0.462–0.721	<0.001
	Model 4	Model 3 + health-related factor	0.589	0.471–0.735	<0.001
	Model 5	Model 4 + oral health-care-related factor	0.616	0.492–0.771	<0.001

OR, odds ratio.

^*Dependent variable: untreated dental caries (ref. no).

^†Model 1 was unadjusted; model 2 was adjusted for demographic factors (age, sex); model 3 was adjusted for age, sex and socio-economic factors (income, education); model 4 was adjusted for age, sex, income, education and health-related factors (smoking, alcohol consumption); and model 5 was adjusted for age, sex, income, education, smoking, alcohol consumption and oral health-care-related factors (toothbrushing frequency, oral-care product use and professional oral examination).

^‡P-value calculated using complex samples logistic regression analysis.