TABLE 4.
Inhibitory effect of FX on different cancer types and its underlying mechanism.
| Cancer type | Target cell lines | Inhibitory activity | Mechanism | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lung cancer | A549, H1299, MRC-5 | Induces cell cycle arrest, nuclei fragmentation | Upregulates p21waf1/cip1, p53, Fas, PUMA, capase-3 or caspase-8 and downregulates Bcl-2 | Moreau et al. (2006), Mei et al. (2017) |
| Liver cancer | HepG2, SK-Hep-1 | Induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest | Downregulates cyclin D | Das et al. (2008), Liu et al. (2009) |
| Gastric cancer | MGC-803, SGC-7901, BGC-823 | Induces cell cycle arrest at S phase and G2/M phase | Upregulates caspase-3 and downregulates Bcl-2, STAT3, cyclinB1 | Yu et al. (2011), Yu et al. (2018), Zhu et al. (2018), Xiao et al. (2020) |
| Breast cancer | MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 | Induces apoptosis | Downregulates VEGF-C, VEGFr-3, NF-κB, Akt, P13K, translocates Ca2+ from ER to cytoplasm | Hou et al. (2014), Wang et al. (2019) |
| Leukemia | HL-60, K562, TK6 | Inhibits cancer cell proliferation, induces apoptosis | Upregulates caspase-3/7/9, generates ROS, and downregulates Bcl-xL, cleaves PARP | Kotake-Nara et al. (2005c), Kim et al. (2010b), Hosokawa et al. (1999) |
| Lymphoma | BCBL-1, TY-1 | Induces G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis | Downregulates NF-κB, AP-1, P13K | Yamamoto et al. (2011) |
| Glioma | U87, U521, B16-F10 | Induces apoptosis | Upregulates caspase-3/9, Bax and downregulates MMP-2, MMP-9, Bcl-2 | Nabeshima et al. (2002), Liu et al. (2016b), Chung et al. (2013) |
| Neuroblastoma | GOTO | Induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest | Downregulates N-myc | Asai et al. (2004) |
| Colon cancer | Caco-2, DLD-1, HT-29, WiDr, HCT116 | Induces DNA fragmentation, apoptosis, G0/G1 cell cycle arrest | Upregulates p21 and downregulates Bcl -2 | Hosokawa et al. (2004), Das et al. (2005) |
| Cervical cancer | HeLa, SiHa, CaSki | Induces apoptosis | Upregulates Bax and downregulates P13K, Akt, NF-κB, Bcl-2 | Jin et al. (2018) |
| Urinary bladder cancer | EJ-1, T24 | Inhibits cell proliferation, induces apoptosis | Upregulates caspase-3, p21 and downregulates CDK-2, CDK-4, cyclin D1, cyclin E | Zhang et al. (2008), Wang et al. (2014) |
| Prostate cancer | PC-3, DU145, LNCaP | Induces apoptosis, G1 cell cycle arrest | Upregulates caspase-3, Bax and downregulates Bcl-2 | Kotake-Nara et al. (2001), Kotake-Nara et al. (2005a), Yoshiko and Hoyoku, (2007) |