Fig. 3. (a) Schematic diagram of the C-AFM setup. Simultaneously obtained (b)–(f) topography images and (g)–(k) conductance maps with increasing temperature. All images were measured in the same sample area. The scan size was 1 × 1 μm². (l) and (m) The binary black-and-white images are reconstructed from (g) and (k), respectively. The black and white regions indicate non-conductive regions with noisy currents and conductive regions, respectively.