Table 2. Participant Characteristics by MA and Opioid Use Among Rural Opioid Initiative Participants With Recent Use of MA, Opioids, or Botha.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | P valueb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (N = 2970) | MA alone (n = 390) | Opioids alone (n = 702) | Opioids and MA (n = 1878) | ||
| Race | |||||
| Black | 95 (3.2) | 12 (3.1) | 37 (5.3) | 46 (2.4) | <.001 |
| Native American | 220 (7.4) | 23 (5.9) | 22 (3.1) | 175 (9.3) | |
| Other, multiracial, or refusedc | 148 (5.0) | 23 (5.9) | 39 (5.6) | 86 (4.6) | |
| White | 2507 (84) | 332 (85) | 604 (86) | 1571 (84) | |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 112 (3.8) | 9 (2.3) | 30 (4.3) | 73 (3.9) | .24 |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 1699 (57) | 230 (59) | 385 (55) | 1084 (58) | .32 |
| Female | 1271 (43) | 160 (41) | 317 (45) | 794 (42) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 36 (10) | 37 (11) | 37 (11) | 36 (10) | .008d |
| Homeless in last 30 d | 1584 (53) | 228 (58) | 308 (44) | 1048 (56) | <.001 |
| Injects daily | 1722 (58) | 211 (54) | 289 (41) | 1222 (65) | <.001 |
| Days using methamphetamine in the past 30 d, mean (SD), No. | 17 (10) | 17 (10) | NA | 16 (10) | .20d |
| Days using opioids in the past 30 d, mean (SD), No. | 21 (11) | NA | 21 (11) | 21 (11) | .12d |
| Binge drinking in the last 30 d | 912 (31) | 97 (25) | 185 (26) | 630 (34) | <.001 |
| Cocaine use last 30 d | 1321 (44) | 68 (17) | 369 (53) | 884 (47) | <.001 |
| Benzodiazepine use last 30 d | 1425 (48) | 78 (20) | 283 (40) | 1064 (57) | <.001 |
| Tried to access treatment but could not in last 6 mo | 1196 (40) | 117 (30) | 252 (36) | 827 (44) | <.001 |
| Currently has naloxone overdose rescue kit | 1074 (36) | 66 (17) | 275 (39) | 733 (39) | <.001 |
| Ever overdosed | 1455 (49) | 120 (31) | 310 (44) | 1025 (55) | <.001 |
| Overdosed in the past 180 d | 532 (18) | 24 (6) | 99 (14) | 409 (22) | <.001 |
| Total lifetime overdoses, No. | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 2.05 (3.94) | 1.07 (2.85) | 1.70 (3.52) | 2.39 (4.23) | <.001b |
| Median (IQR) | 0 (0-3) | 1 (0-3) | 0 (0-2) | 0 (0-1) | |
Abbreviation: MA, methamphetamine.
a
Recent (past 180 days) and lifetime overdose data were reported by 2854 participants.
b
Values were calculated with the χ2 test, except where noted.
c
Other race included Alaska Native, Asian, Pacific Islander, Native Hawaiian, and free-text responses.
d
Values were calculated with the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test.