Table 1.
Psychologic responses to simulation.
| Measurement and simulation | Measurement time | ||||||||
|
|
Day 1 | Day 2 | |||||||
|
|
Before simulation | After simulation | Before simulation | After simulation | |||||
| Negative affect, mean (SD) |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Manikin | 14.6 (3.38) | 20.5 (5.83) | 15.0 (4.35) | 18.8 (5.91) | ||||
|
|
ARa | 13.5 (2.51) | 20.7 (6.44) | 14.8 (5.20) | 18.4 (6.11) | ||||
| Self-reported stress, mean (SD) |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Manikin | 44.2 (23.24) | 57.8 (23.57) | 45.1 (19.82) | 56.3 (20.14) | ||||
|
|
AR | 38.2 (17.87) | 54.3 (19.11) | 47.5 (27.12) | 58.0 (24.72) | ||||
| Simulation stress, mean (SD) |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Manikin | N/Ab | 62.6 (21.23) | N/A | 53.1 (23.00) | ||||
|
|
AR | N/A | 56.3 (22.28) | N/A | 55.1 (22.34) | ||||
| Maximum stress, mean (SD) |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Manikin | N/A | 72.4 (19.19) | N/A | 60.0 (24.16) | ||||
|
|
AR | N/A | 64.3 (22.22) | N/A | 63.0 (23.29) | ||||
| Negative emotion words (%), mean (SD) |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Manikin | N/A | 6.2 (3.17) | N/A | 7.3 (4.10) | ||||
|
|
AR | N/A | 6.4 (2.98) | N/A | 6.6 (2.67) | ||||
| Positive emotion words (%), mean (SD) |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Manikin | N/A | 3.0 (1.81) | N/A | 2.5 (1.59) | ||||
|
|
AR | N/A | 2.7 (1.84) | N/A | 2.1 (2.06) | ||||
| Galvanic skin response (√μS), mean (SD) |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Manikin | 12.9 (8.27) | 15.3 (7.67) | 11.2 (9.50) | 13.6 (7.63) | ||||
|
|
AR | 8.8 (6.19) | 10.6 (6.11) | 12.1 (5.68) | 14.1 (4.99) | ||||
| Cortisol (ug/dl), mean (SD) |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Manikin | 0.2 (0.11) | 0.1 (0.09) | 0.1 (0.09) | 0.1 (0.06) | ||||
|
|
AR | 0.1 (0.10) | 0.1 (0.13) | 0.2 (0.10) | 0.2 (0.11) | ||||
| Simulation sickness symptoms score, mean (SD) |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Manikin | N/A | 23.0 (20.59) | N/A | 30.2 (25.78) | ||||
|
|
AR | N/A | 27.4 (20.58) | N/A | 28.1 (24.68) | ||||
aAR: augmented reality.
bN/A: not applicable.