Table 1.
Studies that have examined the role of magnesium in improving insulin resistance
| Protective effects of Mg2+ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Source | Doses | Time of administration | Effect | References |
| MgSO4 | 1 or 2 mg/kg diet | 4 weeks | Mg2+ supplementation improved glucose tolerance, lowered BG levels, lipid perturbations and HOMA-IR index. Mg2+, on the other hand, was able to increase insulin sensitivity and INR and GLUT4 | [2] |
| MgSO4 | 10 g/l drinking water | 12 weeks | MgSO4 lowered BG, glucose tolerance and HbA1c relative to the diabetic group. Also Mg2+ increased GIR in diabetics | [3] |
| Elemental high-potency, highly absorbable magnesium (oxide, gluconate, lactate) | 250 mg/d tablet | 3 months | Administration of Mg2+ indicated a significant improvement in HbA1C, insulin levels, C-peptide, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β% | [10] |
| MgCl | 300 mg/day (50 gr of MgCl2 by 1000 ml of solution) | 12 weeks | Mg2+-supplemented subjects significantly increased their serum Mg2+ levels and reduced HOMA-IR index | [23] |
| Mg2+ supplementation | 360 mg/day | 4–16 weeks | Oral Mg2+ supplementation was effective in reducing plasma fasting glucose levels and raising HDL cholesterol in patients with T2D diabetes | [27] |
| Mg–aspartate–hydrochloride | 365 mg/day | 6 months | Mg2+ supplementation resulted in a significant improvement of fasting plasma glucose and some insulin sensitivity indices. Mg2+ prevent IR and subsequently T2D diabetes | [28] |
| MgSO4 | 300 mg/d | 3 months | Administration of Mg2+ significantly improved fasting BG, 2 h postprandial glucose, lipid profile, and hepatic enzymes | [30] |
| Magnesium oxide | 250 mg/day | 6 weeks | Mg2+ significantly improved glycemic control and lipid profiles | [31] |
| MgSO4 | 10 g/l of | 16 weeks | Administration of MgSO4 improved IPGTT, lowered BG levels, and decreased FoxO1 and PEPCK genes and proteins expression in muscle and liver | [57] |
IR: Insulin resistance, HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment for IR, BG: Blood glucose, INR: Insulin receptor, HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c, GLUT: Glucose transporter, T2D: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, HDL: High-density lipoprotein, Mg2+: Magnesium, MgSO4: Magnesium sulfate IPGTT: Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test: for measures the clearance of an intraperitoneally injected glucose load from the body. It is used to detect disturbances in glucose metabolism that can be linked to condition such as diabetes or metabolic syndrome., GIR: Glucose infusion rate: shows the rate at which glucose enters the cell and is inversely related to IR