Table 1. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity against Gram-Positive Strainsa.
| MIC
(μg/mL) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| category | compound | MRSA | VanA VRE | VanB VRE | refs | ||||
| Clinically used | vancomycin (1) | 0.5–2b | >32 | >32 | (52) | ||||
| teicoplanin (2) | 0.25–2b | >32 | 0.25–8 | (52, 68) | |||||
| telavancin (3) | 0.016–0.125b | 4–16 | 2 | (52, 84) | |||||
| dalbavancin (4) | 0.06–1 | >32 | ≤0.03–4 | (52, 101−104) | |||||
| oritavancin (5) | ≤0.008–0.5 | ≤0.008–1 | ≤0.008–0.03 | (52, 119) | |||||
| Cationic (lipo)glycopeptide antibiotics with enhanced bacterial surface binding | 6 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 2 | (141) | ||||
| 7 | 0.6 | 23.8 | 2.4 | (142) | |||||
| 8 | 1.1 | 1.2 | nd | (142) | |||||
| 9 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2.7 | (143) | |||||
| 10 | 1.7 | 0.8–6.7e | (145) | ||||||
| 11 | nd | 0.25–0.5 | nd | (146) | |||||
| 12 | 0.02 | 0.15–0.6 | 0.04 | (149) | |||||
| 13, 14 | 0.03, <0.003 | 6, 0.5 | nd | (151) | |||||
| 15 | 2–6 | 11 | 90 | (152) | |||||
| 16 | 1 | ≤2.7 | <2.7 | (153) | |||||
| 17 | nd | 0.24 | 4.7 | (154) | |||||
| 18 | 0.3–0.6 | 1.3–21 | 5.2 | (155) | |||||
| 19, 20 | 0.12, 0.5 | 2, 0.5–1 | 0.25, ≤0.06 | (156) | |||||
| 21 | ≤0.03–0.06 | 8 | ≤0.0625 | (157) | |||||
| 22 | 0.12–0.25 | 16 | 0.5 | (158) | |||||
| 23 | 0.5 | 0.31 to >20 | 0.31–1.25 | (160, 161) | |||||
| 24 | 0.3 | 0.15–2.5 | 0.15 | (162) | |||||
| 25 | 0.4 | 0.1–12.5 | 0.4 | (163) | |||||
| 26 | 8 | 8 | 4 | (166) | |||||
| 27 | 0.5 | 2 | 1 | (167) | |||||
| 28 | 0.125–1 | ≤4e | (169) | ||||||
| Pyrophosphate targeting | 29 | 0.9 | 3.5 | 2.6 | (173) | ||||
| 30 | 4c | 4 | 4 | (178) | |||||
| Hybrids | 31 | 0.06–8d | 8–16e | (185) | |||||
| 32 | 1.5 | 6.2 | nd | (188) | |||||
| 33 | 0.6 | nd | 0.8 | (190) | |||||
| 34 | 6.25–12.5 | 12.5–25e | (191) | ||||||
| 35 | 4 | 4 | 8 | (192) | |||||
| 36 | 4 | 8 | 4 | (192) | |||||
| Targeted drug delivery | 37 | 0.79f | 28.9g | 28.9g | (200) | ||||
| 38 | 2 | nd | nd | (202) | |||||
| 39 | nd | nd | nd | (205) | |||||
| 40 | 0.015 | 0.03–2 | 0.03 | (210) | |||||
| Gram-negative active | 8 | 1.1 | 1.2 | nd | (142, 211) | ||||
| 41 | 0.7 | 3.8 | 6.9 | (212) | |||||
| 42 | 15–30 | nd | nd | (213) | |||||
| 43 | 8c | 32 | nd | (214) | |||||
| 44 | 0.25 | 64 to >128 | 2–64 | (215) | |||||
| 45 | 0.8d | nd | nd | (216) | |||||
| 46 | 0.5 | nd | nd | (217) | |||||
| 47 | nd | nd | nd | (218) | |||||
| 48 | 4d | nd | nd | (219) | |||||
a
MIC = minimum inhibitory concentration. nd = not determined.
b
MIC values of >10 observations are included in the reported MIC range from EUCAST.52
c
MRSA strain tested was also VISA.
d
No MRSA strain was tested; therefore, an MIC range for MSSA is indicated here.
e
MIC reported is from VRE in general, as literature did not specify VanA- or VanB-type resistance. Note the possibility of solely one van resistance type being present.
f
Low-density loading of nanoparticles (0.2 μg/mL vancomycin per 1 mg of 37).
g
High-density loading of nanoparticles (11.75 μg/mL vancomycin per 1 mg of 37).