Table 1.
The difference in patients’ characteristics between the COPD and non-COPD groups
| COPD group | Non-COPD group | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median (IQR) | Range (min–max) | Median (IQR) | Range (min–max) | ||
| Number | 20.6% (420/2041) | N/A | 79.4% (1621/2041) | N/A | N/A |
| Age | 58 (50–64.8) | 27–84 | 51 (43–60) | 21–85 | < 0.0001 |
| Presence or past smoking habit (Yes/No) | 86.0%/14.0% (361/59) | N/A | 71.9%/28.1% (1166/455) | N/A | < 0.0001 |
| Pack years (SUM of past and present) | 30 (0–40) | 0–160 | 14 (0–28) | 0–111 | < 0.0001 |
| Pack years ≥ 60 (Yes/No) | 10.5%/89.5% (44/376) | N/A | 3.5%/96.5% (57/1564) | N/A | < 0.0001 |
| Alcohol intake habit (None/Yes) | 32.9%/67.1% (138/282) | N/A | 31.2%/68.8% (1115/506) | N/A | 0.5188 |
| Dairy alcohol consumption (none/1–19 g/20–39 g/40–59 g) | 32.9%/16.2%/36.0%/15.0% (138/68/151/63) | N/A | 31.3%/23.1%/31.2%/14.4% (507/375/506/233) | N/A | 0.0178 |
| MAFLD/non-MAFLD | 90.5%/9.5% (380/40) | N/A | 85.9%/14.1% (1393/228) | N/A | 0.0148 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.2 (23.2–27.7) | 15.7–43.2 | 24.9 (23.1–26.9) | 15.6–40.6 | 0.1282 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 91 (86.5–98) | 70–137.5 | 89 (84.5–95) | 67–123.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Visceral adiposity (Presence/Absence) | 57.9%/42.1% (243/177) | N/A | 46.9%/53.1% (760/861) | N/A | < 0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 124 (114–132) | 84–197 | 120 (112–130) | 80–190 | 0.0006 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 (70–86) | 50–118 | 78 (70–84) | 48–134 | 0.2075 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Presence/Absence) | 11.4%/88.6% (48/372) | N/A | 8.3%/91.7% (135/1486) | N/A | 0.0475 |
| Hypertension (Presence/Absence) | 46.2%/53.8% (194/226) | N/A | 38.8%/61.2% (629/992) | N/A | 0.0063 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia (Presence/Absence) | 48.1/51.9% (202/218) | N/A | 40.8%/59.2% (661/960) | N/A | 0.0068 |
| Depressed HDL-cholesterol (Presence/Absence) | 16.2%/83.8% (68/352) | N/A | 11.2%/88.8% (181/1440) | N/A | 0.0050 |
| %VC | 96.0 (86.8–110.4) | 50.1–149.2 | 108.4 (100–117.2) | 77.3–157.7 | < 0.0001 |
| FEV1% | 69.5 (65.7–75.3) | 40.3–90.9 | 79.7 (76.5–83.1) | 70–98.1 | < 0.0001 |
| %FEV1 | 75.9 (70.4–79.9) | 43.2–91.5 | 96.1 (89.2–103.6) | 80.0–110.8 | < 0.0001 |
| Red blood cell count (× 104/µL) | 487 (464–514) | 384–610 | 495 (469–520) | 258–657 | 0.0019 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 15.2 (14.5–15.9) | 12.7–19.1 | 15.3 (14.6–15.9) | 8.1–18.7 | 0.3179 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 44.5 (42.5–46.6) | 36.8–54.2 | 44.7 (42.9–46.4) | 28.5–56.2 | 0.4685 |
| White blood cell count (/µL) | 5700 (5100–7375) | 2700–15,100 | 5700 (4900–6800) | 2200–15,400 | 0.0446 |
| Platelet count (× 104/µL) | 22.7 (19.5–26.5) | 7.3–75.9 | 23.4 (20.3–26.7) | 6.4–51.5 | 0.0437 |
| AST (U/L) | 23 (19–29) | 10–90 | 23 (19–25) | 6–164 | 0.0928 |
| ALT (U/L) | 28 (20–38) | 6–277 | 28 (20–40) | 6–290 | 0.8053 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 168 (153–188) | 70–311 | 164 (149–182) | 56–431 | 0.0081 |
| ALP (U/L) | 213 (178–256) | 73–502 | 209 (179–249) | 73–1409 | 0.2035 |
| GGT (U/L) | 43 (30–71) | 12–381 | 38((26–61) | 8–609 | 0.0002 |
| Total protein (g/dL) | 7.2 (7.0–7.4) | 6.2–8.4 | 7.2 (7.0–7.4) | 5.7–8.5 | 0.5728 |
| Cholinesterase (U/L) | 367 (322–404) | 188–532 | 369 (331–408) | 166–641 | 0.0883 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.4 (4.3–4.6) | 3.1–5.1 | 4.5 (4.3–4.6) | 3.2–5.3 | < 0.0001 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.2–2.2 | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 0.2–3.3 | 0.0630 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 202(183–223) | 122–331 | 207(186–229) | 120–357 | 0.0107 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 48 (41–60) | 24–116 | 52 (45–60) | 26–164 | < 0.0001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 124 (107–141) | 39–260 | 129 (111–150) | 54–262 | 0.0011 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 136 (98–206) | 31–990 | 123 (90–178) | 33–1474 | 0.0005 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 103 (96–113) | 81–220 | 99 (94–109) | 77–330 | < 0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.8 (5.5–6.1) | 4.3–11.1 | 5.7 (5.5–6.0) | 4.4–12.8 | < 0.0001 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.1 (0.1–0.17) | 0.01–3.99 | 0.1 (0.08–0.12) | 0.01–3.52 | < 0.0001 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 13.7 (11.6–15.9) | 6.6–37.5 | 13.6 (11.7–15.8) | 6.4–30.3 | 0.8189 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.43–1.64 | 0.8 (0.74–0.9) | 0.48–2.4 | 0.0193 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 78.4 (69.7–89.8) | 34.9–149.4 | 79.8 (70.4–89.1) | 25.3–142.6 | 0.1243 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 6.4 (5.6–7.1) | 3.4–11.9 | 6.3 (5.4–7.1) | 0.7–10.8 | 0.3569 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 141 (140–143) | 136–145 | 141 (140–142 | 134–147 | 0.6563 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.2 (4.0–4.4) | 3.3–5.3 | 4.2 (4.0–4.3) | 3.3–5.3 | 0.3399 |
| Chloride (mmol/L) | 105 (104–107) | 99–111 | 105 (104–107) | 98–110 | 0.1171 |
| CRP/albumin ratio | 0.023 (0.021–0.038) | 0.002–1.05 | 0.022 (0.018–0.027) | 0.002–0.892 | < 0.001 |
| FIB-4 index | 1.135 (0.847–1.484) | 0.225–6.985 | 0.937 (0.702–1.300) | 0.281–9.404 | < 0.001 |
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, MAFLD metabolic associated fatty liver disease, VC vital capacity, HDL-cholesterol high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, FEV forced expiratory volume, FVC forced vital capacity, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, GGT γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, LDL-cholesterol low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, CRP C-reactive protein, BUN blood urea nitrogen, GFR glomerular filtration rate, FIB-4 fibrosis-4