Figure 6.

Current limitations and future perspective of GI organoids. Current limitations of GI organoids include their inability to model multiorgan pathologies and their limited cellular diversity. Assembloids (organoids derived from spatially organising multiple cell types) will partially address these limitations and allow us in the future to better understand cell-to-cell communication and organ-cross-talk. Finally the mechanistic impact of the EMC on organoids and the batch-to-batch variations are limiting factors for translational approaches. Several attempts have been made to replace the current ECM by natural or synthetic ECMs. Organoids were derived from the small intestine (intestinal organoids) or biliary system (biliary organoids) of Rosa26.tdTomatoxVillinCre reporter mice. Organoids were either cultures alone, or as assembloids (middle panel). Representative pictures of organoid cultures are derived from the authors (unpublished, scale bars: 50 µm). ECM, extracellular matrix.