TABLE 2.
Examples of environmental reservoirs of OXA-48-like enzymes globally
| Yr isolated | OXA-48-like enzyme | Host | Reservoir | Country | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | OXA-48 | E. coli and Serratia marcescens | Puddles in and around Marrakech | Morocco | 231 |
| 2011–2012 | OXA-48 | E. coli | Domestic sewage and hospital wastewater treatment plant | Austria | 232 |
| 2015 | OXA-48 | Enterobacterales (mainly E. coli) | River water | Algeria | 233 |
| 2015–2016 | OXA-48-likea | Host species not definedb | Hospital wastewater effluent | Tunisia | 234 |
| 2015–2017 | OXA-48 | E. coli and other coliforms | Hospital sewage | Sweden | 77 |
| 2015–2021 | OXA-48 | E. cloacae (mainly ST66) | Hospital (shower drains) | Germany | 235 |
| 2016 | OXA-48-likea | Bacteriophages and unspecified bacterial hostsb | Wastewater, river water, and irrigation water | USA | 236 |
| 2016–2017 | OXA-48 | S. marcescens | Hospital wastewater (sink trap) | Israel | 237 |
| 2016–2019 | OXA-48 | Citrobacter freundii | Hospital wastewater (toilets) | France | 238 |
| 2017 | OXA-48 | ST131 E. coli and ST101 K. pneumoniae | Seawater bathing site | Ireland | 239 |
| 2018 | OXA-48-likea | Enterobacterales (mainly Klebsiella spp.) | River water and farm soil | South Africa | 240 |
| 2019 | OXA-48 | K. pneumoniae and Raoultella ornithinolytica | Hospital wastewater treatment plant | United Kingdom | 241 |
| 2019–2020 | OXA-48 | Enterobacterales | Municipal wastewater treatment plant | Romania | 242 |
| 2020 | OXA-48 | Enterobacterales (mainly E. coli) | Municipal wastewater treatment plant | Croatia | 243 |
| 2020 | OXA-48 | K. pneumoniae | Hospital wastewater treatment plant | Mexico | 244 |
| Sampling date not specified | OXA-48-like (including OXA-48, OXA-181, OXA-199, and OXA-204, among others) | Host species not definedb | Estuarine water with flow from domestic, agricultural, and domestic origin | Portugal | 245 |
a
Specific variant not specified.
b
Where host species are not defined among water reservoirs, caution must be used to interpret data due to the naturally occurring chromosomally encoded OXA-54 in Shewanella spp. (as described in the text).