TABLE 1.
Summary of psychometric studies of validity measures across countries.
| Teacher | Parent | Student/Self report | |
| Croatia | |||
| SDQ | Cronbach α’s from 0.63 to 0.84 across subscales; Five-factor structure explaining 57.35% of total variance (Tatalović Vorkapič et al., 2017) | None | CFI equal to 0.84 and RMSEA equal to 0.05 for five-factor model (Stevanovic et al., 2015) |
| CD-RISC | – | – | Resilience was negatively correlated (r = -0.25) with a Maternity Blues scale (Mikuš et al., 2020) |
| Greece | |||
| SDQ | Cronbach α’s from 0.81 to 0.92 across subscales; Factor loadings for the five-factor model ranging from 0.42 to 0.81 (Bibou-Nakou et al., 2019) | Cronbach α for total difficulties score equal to 0.78; Moderate to high correlations between parent SDQ and KIDSCREEN-52 (Giannakopoulos et al., 2013) | Cronbach α for total difficulties score equal to 0.77; Moderate to high correlations between self-report SDQ and KIDSCREEN-52 (Giannakopoulos et al., 2013) |
| CD-RISC | – | – | Cronbach α of 0.93; Resilience scores significantly negatively correlated (−0.67) with Perceived Stress Scale (Tsigkaropoulou et al., 2018) |
| Italy | |||
| SDQ | Cronbach α’s from 0.56 (conduct problems) to 0.81 (total difficulties score); CFA for five-factor model showed RMSEA = 0.048 (Tobia and Marzocchi, 2018) | Cronbach α’s from 0.56 (conduct problems) to 0.81 (total difficulties score); CFA for five-factor model showed RMSEA = 0.048 (Tobia and Marzocchi, 2018) | Cronbach α’s from 0.66 to 0.72 for total difficulties scale and from 0.64 to 0.70 for prosocial behavior; All factor loadings significant for a three-factor model (Di Riso et al., 2010) |
| CD-RISC | – | – | Cronbach α equal to 0.84; Internalizing and externalizing problems reported to be negatively and significantly correlated with resilience (Grazzani et al., 2022) |
| Latvia | |||
| SDQ | Cronbach α equal to 0.70 across subscales; (Martinsone et al., 2022) | Spearman’s r correlation between Autism Spectrum Quotient-10-Child (AQ-10) and SDQ equal to 0.67; Parent SDQ found to be highly correlated with Signposting Questionnaire for Autism, for the whole sample (Jones et al., 2020) | None |
| CD-RISC | – | – | None |
| Portugal | |||
| SDQ | Cronbach α equal to 0.80 for the prosocial behavior scale and two positively worded items from the Peer Problems subscale (Veiga et al., 2017) | Cronbach α’s ranging from 0.56 to 0.79; Acceptable fit with five-factor model with all items significantly loading onto their subscales (Costa et al., 2020) | Cronbach α’s ranging from 0.57 to 0.70; Concurrent validity demonstrated between the SDQ a related measure, the Youth Self-Report (Rodrigues et al., 2019) |
| CD-RISC | – | – | Evidence of concurrent validity with validated measures of stress, life satisfaction, mental health and physical health (Anjos et al., 2019) |
| Romania | |||
| SDQ | None | None | Cronbach α’s ranging from 0.42 to 0.79 across all four difficulties subscales; No tested models demonstrated acceptable fit with the data, but the five-factor model performed the best comparatively (Sharratt et al., 2014) |
| CD-RISC | – | – | Cronbach α equal to 0.91; Results from a CFA supported a bidimensional model (Giurcă et al., 2021) |
SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; CD-RISC, Connor Davidson Resilience Scale.