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. 2022 Aug 8;8(9):1758–1814. doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00204

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© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society

Permits the broadest form of re-use including for commercial purposes, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Vaccine platforms currently being developed against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, great efforts have been made by research groups and companies around the world toward the development of effective vaccines. Briefly, the graph in (A) shows current vaccine candidates in the clinical phase. Vaccine platforms currently being developed against SARS-CoV-2 infection include those based on (B) RNA, (C) DNA, (D) replicating viral vectors, (E) inactivated viruses, (F) attenuated viruses, (G) viruslike particles (VLPs), (H) nonreplicating viral vectors, (I) protein subunits, and (J) modified antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Abbreviations: S, spike protein; LNP, lipid nanoparticle; LV, lentiviral vector; DC, dendritric cell. This figure was created with Biorender.com.