Table 3.
Association between exposure to PPIs and pancreatic cancer.
| Cases | Controls | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure to PPIs | N = 23,321 | N = 75,937 | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted ORa (95% CI) | Adjusted ORb (95% CI) |
| Ever use, n (%) | |||||
| No | 5,180 (22.2) | 18,630 (24.5) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 18,141 (77.8) | 57,307 (75.5) | 1.15 (1.10–1.19) | 1.10 (1.05–1.14) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) |
| cDDD, n (%) | |||||
| 0 cDDD | 5,180 (22.2) | 18,630 (24.5) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 1–30 cDDD | 3,186 (13.7) | 12,500 (16.5) | 0.92 (0.88–0.97) | 0.92 (0.88–0.97) | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) |
| 31–180 cDDD | 4,720 (20.2) | 16,056 (21.1) | 1.08 (1.03–1.13) | 1.07 (1.02–1.12) | 1.05 (1.00–1.11) |
| 181–1,080 cDDD | 5,087 (21.8) | 14,578 (19.2) | 1.31 (1.25–1.38) | 1.23 (1.17–1.29) | 1.18 (1.12–1.24) |
| >1,080 cDDD | 5,148 (22.1) | 14,173 (18.7) | 1.40 (1.34–1.47) | 1.24 (1.17–1.30) | 1.17 (1.10–1.23) |
| By PPI subtype (ever use), n (%) | |||||
| Omeprazole | |||||
| No | 11,464 (49.2) | 39,548 (52.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 11,857 (50.8) | 36,389 (47.9) | 1.13 (1.09–1.16) | 1.11 (1.08–1.15) | 1.08 (1.04–1.12) |
| Esomeprazole | |||||
| No | 12,599 (54.0) | 45,118 (59.4) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 10,722 (46.0) | 30,819 (40.6) | 1.28 (1.24–1.32) | 1.22 (1.18–1.26) | 1.18 (1.14–1.22) |
| Lansoprazole | |||||
| No | 17,035 (73.0) | 56,822 (74.8) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 6,286 (27.0) | 19,115 (25.2) | 1.10 (1.06–1.13) | 1.08 (1.05–1.12) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) |
| Pantoprazole | |||||
| No | 14,654 (62.8) | 50,341 (66.3) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 8,667 (37.2) | 25,596 (33.7) | 1.17 (1.14–1.21) | 1.14 (1.10–1.17) | 1.09 (1.06–1.13) |
| Rabeprazole | |||||
| No | 18,930 (81.2) | 62,615 (82.5) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 4,391 (18.8) | 13,322 (17.5) | 1.09 (1.05–1.14) | 1.07 (1.03–1.12) | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) |
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
aAdjusted for history of diabetes mellitus, tobacco-related diseases or drug use, morbid obesity, alcohol-related diseases or drug use, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cyst, gallstones, and hepatitis B or C.
bFinal model adjusted for deprivation index, history of diabetes mellitus, tobacco-related diseases or drug use, morbid obesity, alcohol-related diseases or drug use, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cyst, gallstones, hepatitis B or C, gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer, Helicobacter pylori eradication, peripheral vascular disease, dementia, mild liver disease, AIDS, use of anti-hypertensive drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and statin use.