Table 4.
Association between ever use of PPIs and pancreatic cancer, separately by patient characteristics.
| Cases | Controls | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 23,321 | N = 75,937 | Crude OR | Adjusted ORa | |
| Exposed/Total | Exposed/Total | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |
| Ageb, n (%) | ||||
| 40–64 years | 4,971/6,694 (74.3) | 14,963/21,188 (70.6) | 1.21 (1.13–1.29) | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) |
| 65–85 years | 13,170/16,627 (79.2) | 42,344/54,749 (77.3) | 1.11 (1.07–1.17) | 1.04 (0.99–1.10) |
| Sexb, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 9,039/12,061 (74.9) | 28,597/39,370 (72.6) | 1.13 (1.07–1.19) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) |
| Female | 9,102/11,260 (80.8) | 28,710/36,567 (78.5) | 1.17 (1.11–1.24) | 1.08 (1.02–1.15) |
| Calendar yearb, n (%) | ||||
| 2014 | 2,918/3,975 (73.4) | 9,128/12,897 (70.8) | 1.15 (1.05–1.25) | 1.05 (0.96–1.16) |
| 2015 | 3,347/4,416 (75.8) | 10,560/14,261 (74.0) | 1.10 (1.01–1.19) | 0.97 (0.88–1.06) |
| 2016 | 3,815/4,878 (78.2) | 11,860/15,821 (75.0) | 1.21 (1.12–1.32) | 1.14 (1.04–1.25) |
| 2017 | 3,927/4,922 (79.8) | 12,437/16,083 (77.3) | 1.17 (1.08–1.27) | 1.09 (1.00–1.20) |
| 2018 | 4,134/5,130 (80.6) | 13,322/16,875 (78.9) | 1.11 (1.02–1.21) | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) |
| Cancer localization, n (%) | ||||
| Head of the pancreas | 9,603/12,438 (77.2) | 30,455/40,610 (75.0) | 1.14 (1.08–1.20) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) |
| Other | 8,538/10,883 (78.5) | 26,852/35,327 (76.0) | 1.16 (1.10–1.22) | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) |
| History of diabetes mellitusc, n (%) | ||||
| No | 12,270/16,144 (76.0) | 46,487/62,633 (74.2) | 1.14 (1.10–1.19)c | 1.07 (1.02–1.12)c |
| Yes | 5,871/7,177 (81.8) | 10,820/13,304 (81.3) | 1.06 (0.98–1.15)c | 0.99 (0.91–1.07)c |
| History of tobacco-related diseases or drug usec, n (%) | ||||
| No | 15,058/19,777 (76.1) | 50,701/68,264 (74.3) | 1.14 (1.09–1.18)c | 1.05 (1.01–1.10)c |
| Yes | 3,083/3,544 (87.0) | 6,606/7,673 (86.1) | 1.12 (0.99–1.26)c | 1.02 (0.90–1.16)c |
| Morbid obesityc, n (%) | ||||
| No | 15,503/20,385 (76.1) | 50,602/68,406 (74.0) | 1.14 (1.10–1.19)c | 1.05 (1.01–1.10)c |
| Yes | 2,638/2,936 (89.9) | 6,705/7,531 (89.0) | 1.12 (0.98–1.29)c | 1.00 (0.86–1.17)c |
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
aFinal model adjusted for deprivation index, history of diabetes mellitus, tobacco-related diseases or drug use, morbid obesity, alcohol-related diseases or drug use, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cyst, gallstones, hepatitis B or C, gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer, Helicobacter pylori eradication, peripheral vascular disease, dementia, mild liver disease, AIDS, use of anti-hypertensive drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and statin use.
bMatching variables.
cThe risk factor of pancreatic cancer was introduced in the model along with an interaction term with PPI use. The P value for interaction was 0.08 for history of diabetes mellitus, 0.67 for history of tobacco-related diseases or drug use, and 0.55 for morbid obesity.