Table 1.
Overview of assessment scales for stroke
| Classification based on ICF | Content of evaluation | Commonly used scales | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Body structure and function | Overall neurological impairment | National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) | Goldstein et al., 1989 |
| Canadian Neurological Scale (CNS) | Côté et al., 1989 | ||
| European Stroke Scale (ESS) | Hantson et al., 1994 | ||
| Scandinavian Stroke Scale (SSS) | Lindenstrøm et al., 1991 | ||
| Stroke Impairment Assessment Set (SIAS) | Zhou, 2002 | ||
| Chinese Stroke Scale (CSS) | Qi, 2005 | ||
| Sensory function | |||
| External sensory | Semmes-Weinstein monofilament method | Weinstein, 1993 | |
| Two-point discrimination test | Takara, 1971 | ||
| Weinstein enhanced sensory test | Weinstein, 1993 | ||
| Internal sensory | Threshold to Detection of Passive Motion (TTDPM) | Han et al., 2016 | |
| Joint Position Reproduction (JPR) | Steinberg et al., 2019 | ||
| Active Movement Extent Discrimination Assessment (AMEDA) | Waddington et al., 2014 | ||
| Motor function | |||
| Muscle tone and spasticity | Ashworth spasticity scale | Platz et al., 2005 | |
| Joint mobility | Beighton | Schlager et al., 2018 | |
| Contompasis | Schlager et al., 2018 | ||
| Hospital del Mar criteria (HdM) | Bevilacqua et al., 2019 | ||
| Balanced walking | Berg Balance Scale | Blum and Korner-Bitensky, 2008 | |
| Arthroscopic organ | Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment (FDA) | Enderby, 1980 | |
| Injury of general motor function | Brunnstrom Hemiplegia Scale | Shah, 1984 | |
| Fugl-Meyer Scale | Fugl-Meyer et al., 1975 | ||
| (Simplified) Fugl-Meyer Motor Function Scale | Gladstone et al., 2002 | ||
| Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement (STREAM) | Ahmed et al., 2003 | ||
| Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment | Gowland et al., 1993 | ||
| Lindmark Motor Function Assessment | Lindmark and Hamrin, 1988 | ||
| Rivermead Mobility Index | Ekinci et al., 2021 | ||
| Cognitive function | |||
| Overall cognitive impairment | Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) | Folstein et al., 1983 | |
| Stroke Unit Mental Status Examination (SUMSE) | Hajek et al., 1989 | ||
| Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination (NCSE) | Osmon et al., 1992 | ||
| Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA) | Nasreddine et al., 2005 | ||
| Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery (HRNB) | Reitan, 1955 | ||
| Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) | Katz et al., 1989 | ||
| Memory | Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) | Guo et al., 2007 | |
| Attention | Digit Span Test (DST) | Ostrosky-Solís and Lozano, 2006 | |
| Executive force | Shape Trail Test (STT) | Zhao et al., 2013 | |
| Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) | Scarpina and Tagini, 2017 | ||
| Language features | Verbal Fluency Test (VF) | Diesfeldt, 1983 | |
| Boston Naming Test (BNT) | Wang et al., 2019 | ||
| Spatial visual function | Clock Drawing Test (CDT) | Royall et al., 1998 | |
| Activity function | Basic activities of daily living (ADL) | ||
| Simple and practicable | Katz index of independence in ADL (Katz ADL Index) | Katz et al., 1970 | |
| Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) | Sulter et al., 1999 | ||
| Athletic activities | Modified Barthel Index (MBI) | Shah et al., 1989 | |
| Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (PSMS) | Lawton and Brody, 1969 | ||
| Cognition and speech | Functional Independence Measure (FIM) | Linacre et al., 1994 | |
| Participation function | Instrumental ability in ADL | Katz index of instrumental ADL based on ADL index (Katz IADL Index) | Katz, 1983 |
| Functional Autonomy Measurement System (SMAF) | Hebert et al., 1988 | ||
| Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) | Park et al., 1994 | ||
| Frenchay Activity Index (FAI) | Holbrook and Skilbeck, 1983 | ||
| Functional Activity Questionnaire (FAQ) | Pfeffer et al., 1982 | ||
| Quality of life | |||
| Psychological assessment | Ferrans & Powers Quality of Life Index (QLI-Generic Version) | Ferrans and Powers, 1985 | |
| 36-Item Short-Form Survey (SF-36) | Ware and Sherbourne, 1992 | ||
| Observation and questionnaire | Ferrans & Powers Quality of Life Index (QLI-Stroke Version) | Jaracz and Kozubski, 2003 | |
| Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale (SS-QOL) | Williams et al., 1999 |
ICF: International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.