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. 2022 Aug 16;39(11):160. doi: 10.1007/s12032-022-01740-w

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Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Cladogram representing the origin and expansion of the genetic toolkit for cell-to-cell adhesion and elaboration of extracellular matrix in animals (a). Bars represent the presence of the corresponding protein or protein family based on genome comparisons. The fate of these toolkits in cancer is also marked if upregulated, downregulated, or dysregulated, and families that include genes involved in EMT/MET are indicated (b). Proto-oncogenes are marked in red; tumor suppressors are marked in green (Color figure online)