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. 2022 Aug 16;13:4804. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-32505-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a The plasma mannose concentration in HCs (n = 30) and patients with IBD (n = 44), including CD (n = 9) and UC (n = 35), was determined by LC–MS/MS. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. b The relationship of plasma mannose concentration with ProCT, CRP, ESR, and plasma albumin levels in IBD patients. c The mannose level in serum samples from 19-week-old WT mice and IL-10^−/− spontaneous colitis model mice (n = 5) were assessed by LC–MS/MS. d, e C57BL/6 J mice (n = 8) received 3.0% DSS or tap water for the indicated days. d The colonic pathological changes were analyzed by H&E staining, and the histological scores of the DSS-induced colitis were blindly scored. e The serum mannose concentrations were evaluated at the indicated time points. f, g Mice (n = 8) were treated with the indicated dilution of DSS or tap water. On day 7, the colon tissue and blood were collected. The histological scores and serum mannose concentrations were compared with the group treated with tap water for day 0 (d, e) or tap water alone (f, g). f The colonic pathological changes were evaluated by H&E staining and scored. g The serum mannose concentrations were evaluated by LC–MS/MS analysis. Scale bar = 100 μm. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Data from one representative experiment of three independent experiments are presented. Data were represented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was assessed by one-way ANOVA (a), two-sided Spearman’s correlation (b), and two-sided Student’s t-test (c–g). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.