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. 2022 Aug 16;13:4804. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-32505-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — a Schematic overview of the experimental design. b–g Mice (male, n = 6 per group) were administered 5.0% DSS from day 0 to day 3, followed by treatment with mannose and mesalazine either alone or in combination from day 4 to day 7. b Changes in body weights during the experiments were recorded. c Colon tissues were isolated on the last day of the experiment. A representative photograph of the colon tissue from each group is presented, and the colon length was measured. Scale bar = 1 cm. d Histological analysis of mouse colon tissue taken on the last day of the experiment was performed by H&E, alcian blue, and Ki67 staining. Scale bar = 100 μm. Histological scores of the DSS-induced colitis were evaluated. e The expression of the indicated tight junction proteins in the mouse colon was examined on the last day of the experiment by immunoblotting analysis. f The protein level of activated cathepsin B in the colon tissues was assessed by western blotting analysis. g The expression of mitochondrial OXPHOS proteins in colon tissues was determined by western blot analysis compared to the group treated with DSS only. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Data were analyzed by an unpaired Student’s t-test and shown as means ± SD. Data from one representative experiment of three independent experiments are presented. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.