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. 2022 Jun 21;16(9):2181–2197. doi: 10.1038/s41396-022-01262-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Volcano plots of bacterial functions associated with the faecal clr-transformed Blastocystis subtype 1 (ST1), b subtype 2 (ST2), and c) subtype 3 (ST3) values in the discovery cohort (IRONMET, n = 114) identified with DESeq2 using the geometric mean of pairwise ratios normalization to specifically account for the compositional and zero-inflated microbiome data and controlling for age, sex, BMI, and education years. The log2 fold change associated with a unit change in the clr-transformed values and the log10 p-values adjusted for multiple testing (pFDR) are plotted for each function. Significantly different taxa are coloured in green (upregulated) or red (down-regulated). d–f Manhattan-like plot of the KEGG pathway over-representation analyses (q value < 0.1) mapping the KEGG orthologues significantly associated with Blastocystis ST1, ST2, and ST3, respectively. Bars are coloured according to the q value. g Gene-concept network depicting the linkage of significant KEGG orthologues participating in KEGG pathways related to the aromatic amino acids metabolism and folate-mediated pyrimidine and one-carbon metabolism for Blastocystis ST1.