Table 1.
Sensitivity and Specificity of Digital and Paper-and-Pencil Clock Drawing Tests
| Type of Clock Drawing Tests | No. of study |
Sensitivity (95% CI) |
Specificity (95% CI) |
LR + (95% CI) |
LR- (95% CI) |
DOR (95% CI) |
AUC (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a. MCI | |||||||
| Digital CDT | 4 | 0.86 (0.75–0.92) | 0.92 (0.69–0.98) | 10.6 (2.30–49.0) | 0.15 (0.08–0.29) | 69.0 (10.6–449) | 87% (84%–90%) |
|
Paper-and-pencil CDT –Brief Scoring (≤ 9 points) |
9 | 0.63 (0.49–0.75) | 0.77 (0.68–0.84) | 2.74 (1.94–3.88) | 0.48 (0.34–0.68) | 5.71 (3.06–10.7) | 77% (74%–81%) |
|
Paper-and-pencil CDT –Detailed Scoring (> 9 points) |
21 | 0.63 (0.56–0.71) | 0.72 (0.65–0.78) | 2.29 (1.92–2.73) | 0.50 (0.43–0.59) | 0.54 (3.47–5.93) | 74% (69%–77%) |
| b. Dementia | |||||||
| Digital CDT | 6 | 0.83 (0.72–0.90) | 0.87 (0.79–0.92) | 6.35 (3.9–10.5) | 0.20 (0.12–0.33) | 32.2 (13.7–75.9) | 92% (89%–94%) |
|
Paper-and-pencil CDT –Brief Scoring (≤ 9 points) |
30 | 0.83 (0.77–0.87) | 0.80 (0.74–0.85) | 4.07 (3.15–5.26) | 0.22 (0.16–0.29) | 18.7 (12.2–28.7) | 88% (85%–91%) |
|
Paper-and-pencil CDT –Detailed Scoring (> 9 points) |
35 | 0.80 (0.76–0.83) | 0.81 (0.75–0.86) | 4.24 (3.24–5.54) | 0.25 (0.21–0.30) | 17.1 (12.0–24.5) | 87% (84%–90%) |
CDT Clock Drawing Test, MCI Mild Cognitive Impairment, LR + Positive likelihood ratio, LR- Negative likelihood ratio, DOR Diagnostic odds ratio, AUC Area under the curve, CI Confidence interval