. 2021 Aug 4;32(3):677–702. doi: 10.1007/s11065-021-09519-y

Table 3.

Subgroup analyses of key moderators (sample, intervention, and methodological characteristics).

Category	Subcategory	K (N ES)	ES (g)	95% CI	df	p-value	Tau²	I²
Age group	Adults (< 60 years)	30 (115)	0.11	[-0.01, 0.24]	26	0.079	0.03	23.81
Age group	Older adults (≥ 60 years)	15 (64)	0.21	[0.04, 0.38]	9	0.020	0.01	10.50
Clinical status	Clinical	18 (76)	0.09	[-0.06, 0.24]	14	0.208	0.01	7.81
Clinical status	Non-clinical	27 (103)	0.18	[0.05, 0.31]	22	0.010	0.03	26.25
MBP type	Unmodified MBSR/MBCT	12 (39)	0.04	[-0.22, 0.30]	10	0.720	0.09	53.21
	Modified MBP	23 (102)	0.15	[0.03, 0.26]	17	0.017	0.00	0.00
	Generic MBP	10 (38)	0.26	[0.05, 0.47]	8	0.022	0.04	30.66
Comparator type	Active	22 (84)	0.07	[-0.04, 0.19]	18	0.188	0.00	0.00
Comparator type	Inactive*	28 (120)	0.20	[0.06, 0.33]	22	0.006	0.04	27.41
Risk of bias^#	Lower	12 (38)	0.18	[-0.01, 0.38]	7	0.065	0.01	6.86
Risk of bias^#	Higher	33 (141)	0.14	[0.01, 0.26]	28	0.030	0.03	25.33
Trial registration	Registered	15 (57)	0.23	[0.07, 0.39]	11	0.008	0.02	18.15
Trial registration	Not registered	30 (122)	0.09	[-0.03, 0.22]	25	0.146	0.02	17.34

Effects in bold reached statistical significance (p < 0.05)

K Number of studies, ES Effect size, g Hedges’ standardized mean difference (positive values imply improvement), CI Confidence interval, df Degrees of freedom, MBP Mindfulness-based program, MBSR Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, MBCT Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy

*Includes an additional inactive arm from each of the five studies which featured both active and inactive comparators; ^#Here, studies with ≥ 3 ‘Low’ ratings (of a maximum of six) were considered ‘Lower’ risk, otherwise ‘Higher’ risk