TABLE 3.
Relationship between HEI-2015 and gout among adults aged 20 years or older.
| Variable | OR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
|
|
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| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||
| Sex (reference, female) | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 2.743 (2.739, 2.748) | 2.643 (2.639, 2.648) | 3.027 (3.022, 3.033) | |
| Age group (reference, 20–39 year) | <0.001 | |||
| 40–59 year | 5.204 (5.188, 5.220) | 4.522 (4.508, 4.537) | 3.68 (3.668, 3.692) | |
| 60–79 year | 12.372 (12.334, 12.411) | 9.993 (9.961, 10.025) | 6.234 (6.213, 6.254) | |
| 80+ year | 17.066 (17.002, 17.129) | 15.729 (15.669, 15.790) | 8.465 (8.431, 8.499) | |
| Race (reference, non-Hispanic white) | <0.001 | |||
| Mexican American | 0.430 (0.428, 0.432) | 0.398 (0.396, 0.400) | 0.452 (0.450, 0.454) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.245 (1.242, 1.248) | 1.231 (1.228, 1.234) | 1.022 (1.019, 1.024) | |
| Other | 0.756 (0.753, 0.758) | 0.828 (0.826, 0.830) | 0.809 (0.807, 0.812) | |
| Education (reference, <high school) | <0.001 | |||
| High school/GED | 1.046 (1.044, 1.049) | 1.056 (1.054, 1.059) | 1.098 (1.095, 1.101) | |
| College/AA degree | 1.122 (1.120, 1.125) | 1.113 (1.110, 1.115) | 1.121 (1.118, 1.124) | |
| College or above | 0.932 (0.929, 0.934) | 1.061 (1.059, 1.064) | 1.152 (1.148, 1.155) | |
| Family income (reference,0∼130% FPL) | <0.001 | |||
| >130∼350% FPL | 0.703 (0.702, 0.705) | 0.676 (0.674, 0.677) | 0.722 (0.721, 0.724) | |
| >350% FPL | 0.700 (0.699, 0.702) | 0.681 (0.679, 0.682) | 0.774 (0.772, 0.776) | |
| HEI category (reference, Q1) | <0.001 | |||
| Q2 | 0.910 (0.908, 0.912) | 0.903 (0.901, 0.905) | 0.888 (0.886, 0.890) | |
| Q3 | 0.974 (0.972, 0.976) | 1.01 (1.007, 1.012) | 0.991 (0.989, 0.993) | |
| Q4 | 0.832 (0.830, 0.834) | 0.886 (0.884, 0.888) | 0.878 (0.876, 0.880) | |
| BMI (reference, normal weight) | <0.001 | |||
| Underweight | 0.619 (0.611, 0.627) | 0.689 (0.680, 0.698) | ||
| Overweight | 1.678 (1.674, 1.683) | 1.361 (1.358, 1.365) | ||
| Obese | 3.062 (3.054, 3.069) | 1.907 (1.902, 1.912) | ||
| Drink level (reference, none) | <0.001 | |||
| Light | 0.822 (0.820, 0.823) | 0.871 (0.869, 0.872) | ||
| Moderate | 0.878 (0.876, 0.879) | 0.913 (0.912, 0.915) | ||
| Heavy | 1.314 (1.308, 1.320) | 1.203 (1.197, 1.209) | ||
| Smoke status (reference, never) | <0.001 | |||
| Former | 1.335 (1.332, 1.337) | 1.266 (1.264, 1.268) | ||
| Current | 1.019 (1.017, 1.022) | 1.05 (1.047, 1.052) | ||
| CKD (reference, no) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 2.051 (2.045, 2.057) | |||
| Diabetes (reference, no) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1.33 (1.327, 1.332) | |||
| Hypertension (reference, no) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 2.304 (2.300, 2.308) | |||
| HUA (reference, no) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 2.484 (2.480, 2.488) | |||
FPL, family income to poverty; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; CKD, chronic kidney disease; Model 1, adjusted for demographic characteristics (sex, age group, race, education, family income); Model 2, adjusted for demographic characteristics (sex, age group, race, education, family income); BMI, smoking, and drinking status; Model 3, adjusted for demographic characteristics (sex, age group, race, education, family income); BMI, smoking, drinking status, hypertension, CKD, diabetes, and hyperuricemia.