TABLE 6.
Regression results of factors associated with depression among participants.
| PHQ-9 Score | Depressive symptoms | PHQ-9_Somatic | PHQ-9_Cognitive/Affective | |||||
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| Coef. | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | Coef. | 95% CI | Coef. | 95% CI | |
| Social-Economic | ||||||||
| Living area (vs Urban) | ||||||||
| Rural | −1.06** | −1.98; −0.13 | 0.57** | 0.33; 0.99 | −0.20*** | −0.33; −0.06 | –0.17 | −0.45; 0.10 |
| Gender (vs Male) | ||||||||
| Female | 1.74*** | 0.77; 2.72 | 3.78*** | 1.90; 7.52 | 0.33*** | 0.18; 0.48 | ||
| Age (unit: year) | 0.04*** | 0.01; 0.06 | 0.01*** | 0.00; 0.01 | ||||
| Education (vs Not going to school) | ||||||||
| Primary/Secondary school | −1.37 | −4.12; 1.38 | –0.17 | −0.58; 0.24 | –0.57 | −1.33; 0.20 | ||
| High school | −0.81 | −3.57; 1.94 | –0.11 | −0.52; 0.30 | –0.42 | −1.19; 0.35 | ||
| College | −0.30 | −3.08; 2.48 | 0.01 | −0.41; 0.43 | –0.16 | −0.94; 0.63 | ||
| University/Post-graduate | 0.27 | −2.57; 3.10 | 0.10 | −0.33; 0.54 | –0.01 | −0.81; 0.80 | ||
| Occupation (vs Job without income) | ||||||||
| Freelancer | 2.31 | 0.78; 6.83 | –0.03 | −0.27; 0.21 | 0.16 | −0.33; 0.64 | ||
| White-collar | 1.61 | 0.55; 4.71 | –0.13 | −0.38; 0.12 | –0.14 | −0.64; 0.36 | ||
| Worker | 1.45 | 0.47; 4.48 | –0.01 | −0.26; 0.25 | –0.19 | −0.71; 0.33 | ||
| Farmer | 1.43 | 0.48; 4.25 | –0.08 | −0.34; 0.18 | –0.08 | −0.59; 0.43 | ||
| Other | 0.74 | 0.20; 2.78 | 0.10 | −0.17; 0.38 | −0.57* | −1.16; 0.02 | ||
| Household monthly income quintile (vs Low) | ||||||||
| Medium | −0.09* | −0.20; 0.02 | ||||||
| High | –0.08 | −0.18; 0.03 | ||||||
| Health insurance (vs No) | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.67** | 1.01; 2.75 | ||||||
| Health behavior and health status | ||||||||
| Drinking (vs No) | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.13** | 0.12; 2.13 | 3.49*** | 1.75; 7.00 | 0.16* | −0.00; 0.31 | ||
| Smoking (vs No) | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.09 | −0.04; 0.21 | ||||||
| Leisure-time exercise (vs Sedentary) | ||||||||
| Moderately | −0.56*** | −0.90; −0.23 | ||||||
| Active | 0.02 | −0.20; 0.24 | ||||||
| Number of health problems (vs No health problem) | ||||||||
| 1 health problem | 1.90*** | 1.24; 2.55 | 2.49*** | 1.59; 3.89 | 0.32*** | 0.22; 0.42 | 0.24** | 0.02; 0.47 |
| 2 health problem and more | 3.16*** | 2.07; 4.26 | 6.33*** | 3.29; 12.20 | 0.51*** | 0.35; 0.67 | 0.50*** | 0.16; 0.84 |
| Institution of first choice (vs Central/Province hospital) | ||||||||
| District hospital | 1.09* | −0.02; 2.20 | 1.65 | 0.80; 3.41 | 0.20** | 0.03; 0.36 | 0.08 | −0.28; 0.43 |
| Community health center | −0.87* | −1.80; 0.06 | 0.62 | 0.33; 1.18 | –0.10 | −0.24; 0.03 | −0.25* | −0.54; 0.05 |
| Private Clinic | 0.70 | −0.51; 1.92 | 2.45** | 1.13; 5.29 | 0.22** | 0.03; 0.40 | −0.57** | −1.02; −0.12 |
| Self-treatment | −0.24 | −1.51; 1.02 | 0.78 | 0.34; 1.78 | 0.00 | −0.18; 0.19 | –0.00 | −0.38; 0.38 |
| Source of health information (Yes vs No) | ||||||||
| Friends/relatives | −0.46 | −1.06; 0.13 | –0.07 | −0.16; 0.02 | –0.16 | −0.36; 0.04 | ||
| Radio/television | −1.39*** | −2.04; −0.75 | 0.52*** | 0.34; 0.81 | −0.25*** | −0.35; −0.15 | ||
| Speaker | 1.02*** | 0.31; 1.74 | 2.69*** | 1.73; 4.19 | 0.20*** | 0.09; 0.30 | ||
| Newspaper | −0.68 | −1.61; 0.26 | 0.37*** | 0.18; 0.76 | −0.14* | −0.28; 0.00 | ||
| Health care worker | −0.52 | −1.20; 0.15 | 0.73 | 0.47; 1.15 | −0.25** | −0.46; −0.04 | ||
| Social network | −1.24*** | −1.88; −0.60 | 0.62** | 0.40; 0.96 | −0.15*** | −0.25; −0.06 | −0.40*** | −0.62; −0.18 |
| n | 769 | 769 | 769 | 769 | ||||
| Pseudo R2 | 0.072*** | 0.182*** | 0.224*** | 0.201*** | ||||
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1.