TABLE 1.

Dietary, lifestyle, and pharmacological interventions reported to slow or reverse an aging clock in humans

Intervention	Result	Aging clock used	Subject #	Health status	Age information (years)	Study reference
25% caloric restriction	Compared to the ad‐libitum group, the caloric restriction group was 0.6 years younger after 24 months	Klemera‐Doubal Method (Klemera & Doubal, 2006)	220	Non‐obese	21–50	Belsky et al. (2017)
Metformin, growth hormone, and dehydroepiandrosterone	Compared to baseline, epigenetic age was decreased by 2.16 years after 12 months	GrimAge (A. T. Lu, Quach, et al., 2019)	10	Healthy	51–65	Fahy et al. (2019)
Vitamin D3	2000 IU/day of vitamin D3 for 16 weeks decreased epigenetic age by 1.9 years compared to placebo	Hannum (Hannum et al., 2013)	51	Overweight or obese with low vitamin D status	26.1 ± 9.3	L. Chen et al. (2019)
Bariatric surgery	12 months post‐surgery, ∆age decreased by 0.92 years	Horvath (Horvath, 2013)	40	Severe obesity	45.1 ± 8.06	Fraszczyk et al. (2020)
Mediterranean‐like diet	In Polish subjects, ∆age was 0.84 years less than it was pre‐intervention 12 months prior	Horvath (Horvath, 2013)	120	Healthy	65–79	Gensous et al. (2020)
Antiretroviral therapy	Drug treatment for 96 weeks decreased ∆age by 3.6 years	PhenoAge (M. E. Levine et al., 2018)	168	HIV	30–46	Esteban‐Cantos et al. (2021)
Plant‐based diet	Relative to controls, ∆age was reduced by 0.66 years after 24 months	GrimAge (A. T. Lu, Quach, et al., 2019)	219	Healthy	50–69	Fiorito et al. (2021)
Plant‐centered diet, supplements, exercise, sleep, and stress management	Compared to controls, an 8‐week intervention decreased epigenetic age by 3.23 years	Horvath (2013)	43	Healthy	50–72	Fitzgerald et al. (2021)
Diet (low‐fat or Mediterranean/low‐carbohydrate) and physical activity	Compared to individuals that failed to lose weight, subjects that successfully lost weight were 0.5 years younger after 18 months	J. Li et al. (2018)	120	Obesity or dyslipidemia	48.6 ± 9.3	Yaskolka Meir et al. (2021)