Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of cases and controls. ICU: intensive care unit. All parameters are expressed in either number (percentage) or mean (SD).
| Baseline characteristics | Infection |
Hospitalisation |
ICU admission or ventilatory support |
CVD |
All-cause mortality |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | |
| Number of individuals | 82,587 | 329,560 | 10,241 | 100,320 | 539 | 5252 | 135 | 1335 | 2898 | 28,056 |
| Age, years | 67.82 (12.51) | 67.84 (12.41) | 77.69 (12.13) | 77.69 (11.79) | 76.13 (12.26) | 76.30 (11.75) | 76.67 (11.74) | 76.34 (11.75) | 82.86 (9.88) | 82.70 (9.55) |
| Sex, male | 44,435 (53.8) | 177,349 (53.8) | 5679 (55.5) | 55,850 (55.7) | 314 (58.3) | 3052 (58.1) | 68 (50.4) | 672 (50.3) | 1725 (59.5) | 16,828 (60.0) |
| HbA1c,% (mmol/mol) | 6.96 (53) (1.19) | 6.91 (52) (1.07) | 6.94 (52) (1.38) | 6.91 (52) (1.12) | 7.04 (53) (1.54) | 6.92 (52) (1.14) | 7.13 (54) (1.25) | 6.90 (52) (1.00) | 6.92 (52) (1.46) | 6.92 (52) (1.17) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 3.61 (1.89) | 3.56 (1.81) | 5.32 (2.14) | 5.10 (2.02) | 5.22 (2.16) | 5.04 (2.10) | 4.30 (1.67) | 4.16 (1.48) | 6.30 (2.13) | 5.98 (1.99) |
| Pre-existing comorbidities | ||||||||||
| Hypertension | 55,905 (67.7) | 228,158 (69.2) | 7359 (71.9) | 78,251 (78.0) | 384 (71.2) | 4021 (76.6) | 79 (58.5) | 961 (72.0) | 2143 (73.9) | 23,086 (82.3) |
| Cancer | 3680 (4.5) | 12,546 (3.8) | 947 (9.2) | 9161 (9.1) | 39 (7.2) | 491 (9.3) | 5 (3.7) | 50 (3.7) | 297 (10.2) | 3245 (11.6) |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 4497 (5.4) | 19,617 (6.0) | 1729 (16.9) | 16,151 (16.1) | 114 (21.2) | 885 (16.9) | 12 (8.9) | 78 (5.8) | 666 (23.0) | 6614 (23.6) |
| Respiratory disease | 3006 (3.6) | 9698 (2.9) | 826 (8.1) | 5736 (5.7) | 41 (7.6) | 294 (5.6) | 2 (1.5) | 35 (2.6) | 282 (9.7) | 2351 (8.4) |
| Coronary Heart Disease | 8235 (10.0) | 29,217 (8.9) | 1791 (17.5) | 12,930 (12.9) | 103 (19.1) | 722 (13.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 721 (24.9) | 4530 (16.1) |
| Stroke | 7873 (9.5) | 27,910 (8.5) | 2203 (21.5) | 16,319 (16.3) | 111 (20.6) | 818 (15.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 877 (30.3) | 5986 (21.3) |
| Heart Failure | 3373 (4.1) | 9111 (2.8) | 1349 (13.2) | 7153 (7.1) | 73 (13.5) | 413 (7.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 560 (19.3) | 3240 (11.5) |
| Dementia | 917 (1.1) | 1756 (0.5) | 501 (4.9) | 1771 (1.8) | 27 (5.0) | 93 (1.8) | 5 (3.7) | 5 (0.4) | 234 (8.1) | 857 (3.1) |
| Medication use | ||||||||||
| Oral anti-diabetic drugs | 62,696 (75.9) | 254,833 (77.3) | 7333 (71.6) | 73,019 (72.8) | 384 (71.2) | 3831 (72.9) | 109 (80.7) | 996 (74.6) | 1921 (66.3) | 19,380 (69.1) |
| Insulin | 10,795 (13.1) | 31,178 (9.5) | 2662 (26.0) | 11,649 (11.6) | 154 (28.6) | 688 (13.1) | 25 (18.5) | 120 (9.0) | 1606 (55.4) | 3643 (13.0) |
| Renin-angiotensin-system agents | 44,554 (53.9) | 180,751 (54.8) | 5630 (55.0) | 58,366 (58.2) | 306 (56.8) | 3032 (57.7) | 82 (60.7) | 744 (55.7) | 1468 (50.7) | 16,290 (58.1) |
| Beta-blockers | 23,306 (28.2) | 91,318 (27.7) | 3788 (37.0) | 31,887 (31.8) | 218 (40.4) | 1744 (33.2) | 48 (35.6) | 387 (29.0) | 1151 (39.7) | 9155 (32.6) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 47,403 (57.4) | 193,345 (58.7) | 6232 (60.9) | 65,400 (65.2) | 327 (60.7) | 3399 (64.7) | 77 (57.0) | 882 (66.1) | 1745 (60.2) | 18,574 (66.2) |
| Diuretics | 9895 (12.0) | 29,073 (8.8) | 2902 (28.3) | 14,343 (14.3) | 168 (31.2) | 814 (15.5) | 19 (14.1) | 135 (10.1) | 1211 (41.8) | 5023 (17.9) |
| Nitrates | 6064 (7.3) | 16,781 (5.1) | 1533 (15.0) | 8436 (8.4) | 87 (16.1) | 426 (8.1) | 13 (9.6) | 46 (3.4) | 544 (18.8) | 2928 (10.4) |
| Lipid-lowering agents | 59,383 (71.9) | 246,231 (74.7) | 7134 (69.7) | 75,808 (75.6) | 364 (67.5) | 3909 (74.4) | 89 (65.9) | 969 (72.6) | 1854 (64.0) | 20,822 (74.2) |
| Oral anticoagulants | 2907 (3.5) | 8238 (2.5) | 887 (8.7) | 5166 (5.1) | 48 (8.9) | 259 (4.9) | 7 (5.2) | 40 (3.0) | 299 (10.3) | 1993 (7.1) |
| Antiplatelets | 19,532 (23.7) | 70,071 (21.3) | 4321 (42.2) | 31,051 (31.0) | 236 (43.8) | 1639 (31.2) | 35 (25.9) | 211 (15.8) | 1511 (52.1) | 10,058 (35.8) |
| Immunosuppressants | 646 (0.8) | 1811 (0.5) | 210 (2.1) | 561 (0.6) | 13 (2.4) | 38 (0.7) | 2 (1.5) | 4 (0.3) | 197 (6.8) | 143 (0.5) |