Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants included in the study (N = 17,724).
| Subgroup ( N , %) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Total (17,724, 100%) |
High performers (2,512, 14.2%) |
Average performers (3,835, 21.6%) |
Low performers (720, 4.1%) |
X2 test; P-value |
|
| Age, years | <0.001 | ||||
| 65–69* | 483 (2.7) | 66 (2.6) | 115 (3.0) | 13 (1.8) | |
| 65–74 | 9,945 (56.1) | 1,890 (75.2) | 1,863 (48.6) | 229 (31.8) | |
| 75–84 | 6,658 (37.6) | 542 (21.6) | 1,699 (44.3) | 377 (52.4) | |
| ≥85 | 638 (3.6) | 14 (0.6) | 158 (4.2) | 101 (14.0) | |
| Gender | <0.001 | ||||
| Men | 7,764 (43.8) | 745 (29.7) | 1,846 (48.1) | 396 (55.0) | |
| Women | 9,960 (56.2) | 1,767 (70.3) | 1,989 (51.9) | 324 (45.0) | |
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | ||||
| AU White | 15,249 (86.0) | 2,116 (84.2) | 3,349 (87.3) | 606 (84.2) | |
| US White | 1,020 (5.8) | 262 (10.4) | 138 (3.6) | 28 (3.9) | |
| African American | 765 (4.3) | 62 (2.5) | 181 (4.7) | 46 (6.4) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 434 (2.5) | 39 (1.6) | 126 (3.3) | 24 (3.3) | |
| Others | 256 (1.4) | 33 (1.3) | 41 (1.1) | 16 (2.2) | |
| Education, years | <0.001 | ||||
| ≤ 12 | 7,974 (45.0) | 596 (23.7) | 2,106 (54.9) | 438 (60.8) | |
| >12 | 9,750 (55.0) | 1,916 (76.3) | 1,729 (45.1) | 282 (39.2) | |
| Living alone at home | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 5,732 (32.3) | 768 (30.6) | 1,261 (32.9) | 292 (40.6) | |
| No | 11,992 (67.7) | 1,744 (69.4) | 2,574 (67.1) | 428 (59.4) | |
| Ever smoker | 0.009 | ||||
| Yes | 7,835 (44.2) | 1,030 (41.0) | 1,745 (45.5) | 321 (44.6) | |
| No | 9,889 (55.8) | 1,482 (59.0) | 2,090 (54.5) | 399 (55.4) | |
| Ever alcohol intake | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 14,689 (82.9) | 2,184 (86.9) | 2,856 (81.8) | 561 (77.9) | |
| No | 3,035 (17.1) | 328 (13.1) | 686 (17.9) | 159 (22.1) | |
| Hypertension | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 13,123 (74.0) | 1,668 (66.4) | 2,963 (77.3) | 551 (76.5) | |
| No | 4,601 (26.0) | 844 (33.6) | 872 (22.7) | 169 (23.5) | |
| Dyslipidemia | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 11,585 (65.4) | 1,737 (69.2) | 2,448 (63.8) | 472 (65.6) | |
| No | 6,139 (34.6) | 775 (30.8) | 1,387 (36.2) | 248 (34.4) | |
| Obesity | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 5,203 (29.5) | 670 (26.8) | 1,187 (31.1) | 196 (27.4) | |
| No | 12,448 (70.5) | 1,835 (73.2) | 2,630 (68.9) | 520 (72.6) | |
| Diabetes | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 1,869 (10.5) | 171 (6.8) | 444 (11.6) | 107 (14.9) | |
| No | 15,855 (89.5) | 2,341 (93.2) | 3,391 (88.4) | 613 (85.1) | |
| Pre-frailty/frailty | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 7,134 (40.3) | 685 (27.3) | 1,690 (44.1) | 451 (62.4) | |
| No | 10,590 (59.7) | 1,827 (72.7) | 2,145 (55.9) | 269 (37.4) | |
| Depression | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 1,702 (9.6) | 170 (6.8) | 385 (10.0) | 96 (13.3) | |
| No | 16,019 (90.4) | 2,342 (93.2) | 3,449 (90.0) | 624 (86.7) | |
| Chronic Kidney disease | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 4,331 (26.2) | 481 (20.4) | 1,018 (28.3) | 238 (35.4) | |
| No | 12,166 (73.8) | 1,876 (79.6) | 2,575 (71.7) | 435 (64.6) | |
* Only includes U.S. African American or Hispanic/Latino participants, who were eligible to enroll from 65 years or above (all other participants needed to be 70 years or above to be recruited). (1) hypertension was defined as on treatment for high BP or BP >140/90 mmHg at study entry; (2) dyslipidemia was defined as those taking cholesterol-lowering medications or serum cholesterol ≥212 mg/dL (≥5 mmol/L; Australia) and ≥240 mg/dL (≥6.2 mmol/L; U.S.) or LDL > 160 mg/dL (>4.1 mmol/L); (3) obesity was defined as body mass index ≥30; (4) diabetes was defined from self-report or fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL (≥7 mmol/L) or on treatment for diabetes; (5) frailty was defined using the adapted Fried frailty criteria, including being underweight, weak grip strength, exhaustion, slow walking speed and low physical activity, with pre-frail including anyone with 1 or 2 criteria and Frail as anyone with three or more criteria (22); (6) depression was defined as CES-D-10 ≥8; (7) chronic kidney disease was defined as eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 or urinary albumin to creatinine ratio ≥3 mg/mmol.