Table 1.

Comparing groups using one‐way analysis of variance test with Duncan's test as multiple comparisons

Parameter	Groups	Min.	Max.	Mean ± standard deviation	Percent change	p Value
MMP‐1	Control	32,109.00	34,955.00	33,136.00 ± 1579.68a	100.00	.001
	GZO	32,453.00	33,120.00	32,687.67 ± 374.87a	98.65
	LPS	37,093.00	38,099.00	37,582.33 ± 503.56c	113.42
	LPS and GZO	33,933.00	35,965.00	35,163.67 ± 1081.90b	106.12
	GZO & LPS	36,854.00	39,444.00	37,877.33 ± 1377.84c	114.31
MMP‐2	Control	83,342.00	84,815.00	83,863.00 ± 825.68a	100.00	.003
	GZO	81,264.00	83,340.00	82,611.00 ± 1167.86a	98.51
	LPS	85,473.00	87,470.00	86,518.33 ± 1001.79b	103.17
	LPS and GZO	82,324.00	84,733.00	83,661.33 ± 1226.28a	99.76
	GZO and LPS	85,436.00	86,755.00	86,288.67 ± 739.51b	102.89
MMP‐8	Control	104.43	148.45	125.44 ± 22.08ab	100.00	.001
	GZO	100.43	130.54	117.80 ± 15.58a	93.91
	LPS	175.44	197.54	184.10 ± 11.80c	146.76
	LPS and GZO	142.34	155.44	147.56 ± 6.94b	117.63
	GZO and LPS	166.54	185.51	173.90 ± 10.17c	138.63
MMP‐9	Control	60.43	69.70	65.52 ± 4.70a	100.00	.002
	GZO	69.43	71.32	70.43 ± 0.95ab	107.49
	LPS	76.43	83.23	79.07 ± 3.65d	120.68
	LPS and GZO	70.32	75.54	72.43 ± 2.75bc	110.55
	GZO and LPS	76.43	77.34	76.85 ± 0.46cd	117.29
IL‐1 β	Control	16.33	18.76	17.17 ± 1.38a	100.00	.001
	GZO	12.06	15.77	14.38 ± 2.02a	83.75
	LPS	21.43	26.44	23.62 ± 2.56b	137.56
	LPS and GZO	19.43	25.43	22.06 ± 3.07b	128.47
	GZO and LPS	21.32	23.00	22.18 ± 0.84b	129.13
IL‐8	Control	6047.00	6312.00	6190.67 ± 133.90ab	100.00	.001
	GZO	5933.20	6127.10	6034.87 ± 97.29a	97.48
	LPS	6649.30	6932.20	6824.90 ± 153.32c	110.24
	LPS and GZO	6283.90	6475.90	6351.03 ± 108.24b	102.59
	GZO and LPS	6578.40	6766.40	6680.20 ± 94.97c	107.91

Note: For each parameter, groups with the same letter are not significantly different.

Abbreviations: GZO, ginger Zingiber officinale; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MMP, matrix metalloproteinases.