Table 7.
Common-used visual cues and auditory stimulation for PD gait intervention.
| Selected study | Visual cues | Subjects | Gait improvement |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lebold and Almeida (2011) | Parallel lines (optical flow) | 22 PD patients | Increased step length |
| Vitório et al. (2014) | Parallel lines (white stripes) | 19 PD patients | Increased step length |
| Lee et al. (2012) | Parallel lines (white stripes) | 15 PD w/ FOG and 10 PD w/o FOG | Improve gait kinematics significantly of PD with FOG |
| Schlick et al. (2016) | Footprint | 12 PD w/ treadmill | Improved gait speed and stride length |
| Gómez-Jordana et al. (2018) | Footprint (VR) | 12 PD patients | Reduced variation of step length, cadence, and velocity |
| Barthel et al. (2018) | Laser shoes | 21 PD patients | Reduced number and time of FOG |
| Tang et al. (2019) | Laser cues | 34 PD w/ FOG | Improved spatiotemporal parameters and Improved ROM and power generation of ankle/hip joints |
| Selected study | Auditory | Subjects | Gait improvement |
| Thaut et al. (1996) | RAS @3 rates | 15 PD patients | Improved gait velocity, stride length, cadence and timing of EMG patterns |
| Hausdorff et al. (2007) | RAS @2 rates | 29 PD patients | Increased gait speed, stride length, swing time; Reduced variability |
| Mazilu et al. (2015) | RAS when FOG | 5 PD patients | Decreased FoG duration and number |
| Bailey et al. (2018) | RAS + PT | 15 PD patients | Reduced asymmetry of EMG patterns |
| Erra et al. (2019) | RAS @3 rates | 30 PD patients (on and off medication) | Improved GPDI using RAS with 110% of the preferred walking freq |
| Hove et al. (2012) | Interactive RAS | 12 PD patients | Improved fractal scaling to healthy 1/f level against fixed-tempo RAS |
| Pau et al. (2016) | Personalized pace of RAS | 26 PD patients | Significant reduction of gait profile score and gait variable score |
| Ginis et al. (2016) | Verbal feedback | 20 PD | Gait and balance improved after 6-week training |
| Ginis et al. (2017) | 4 RAS inputs | 15 PD w/ FOG and 13 PD w/o FOG | Freezer showed stable gait under continuous cueing, but preferred intelligent feedback |
| (Murgia et al., 2018) | Personalized footstep sound and metronome | 32 PD patients | Impovements on two RAS groups are equivalent |
| Marmelat et al. (2020) | RAS w/ fractal step-to-beat | 15 PD patients | Synchronize well with fractal RAS with a 1:1 step-to-beat metronome |
The number of subjects indicates the one with visual cues or auditory stimulation. VR, Virtual Reality; ROM, Range of Motion; RAS, Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation; GDPI, gait phases quality index; freq, Frequency; FOG, Freezing of Gait; PT, Physical Therapy.