TABLE 1.
Participant Characteristics
| Characteristic | Low-Risk (n = 41) | High-Riska (n = 22) | Bipolarb (n = 36) | χ2 | df | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (% female) | 49 | 41 | 42 | 0.54 | 2 | .77 |
| Age, y | F | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 17.31 (4.2) | 15.7 (3.6) | 17.9 (3.3) | 2.38 | 2,96 | .1 |
| Range | 9.8–24.8 | 9.5–22.8 | 10.1–22.6 | F | ||
| Overall task accuracy, percent correct | 74.0% (12%) | 75.5% (16%) | 71% (11%) | 1.01 | 2,96 | .37 |
| IQ, mean (SD) | 113 (11.7) | 110 (10.6) | 109 (13.1) | 1.18 | 2,92 | .31 |
| ARI, mean (SD) | 0.78 (1.3) | 2.5 (3.4) | 4.4 (3.2) | 16.87 | 2,87 | <.001c |
| SCARED, mean (SD) | 6.7 (6.4) | 21.1 (14.3) | 23.3 (12.1) | 14.46 | 2,55 | <.001d |
| Non-euthymic mood state (total), n | 1 | 7 | ||||
| Depressed | 1 | 2 | ||||
| Manic | 0 | |||||
| Hypomanic | 5 | |||||
| Mixed | 0 | t | df | P | ||
| CGAS/GAF, mean (SD) | 75.5 (16.3) | 52.1 (14.3) | 5.29 | 46 | <.001 | |
| CDRS, mean (SD) | 21.2 (4.8) | 27.5 (6.9) | 2.96 | 30 | .006 | |
| SIGH-SAD, mean (SD) | 5.8 (9.7) | 24.6 (35.0) | 1.17 | 17 | .26 | |
| YMRS, mean (SD) | 1.6 (2.3) | 6.3 (6.0) | 3.07 | 42 | .004 | |
| Average number of medications | 0.4 (1.0) | 2.8 (1.7) | 6.04 | 54 | <.001 | |
| On psychotropic medication (any), n | 4 | 27 | ||||
| Antidepressants | 3 | 15 | ||||
| Stimulants | 1 | 9 | ||||
| Nonstimulant anti-ADHD | 1 | 8 | ||||
| Antiepileptics | 1 | 16 | ||||
| Atypical antipsychotics | 1 | 23 | ||||
| Lifetime comorbidity (any disorder), n | 6 | 22 | ||||
| Anxiety disorders (DSM-5) | 2 | 13 | ||||
| ODD | 1 | 3 | ||||
| ADHD | 4 | 12 | ||||
| MDD | 1 | |||||
| DMDD | 0 |
Note: Mood state info for 7 youths with bipolar disorder (BD) and 5 high-risk (HR) youths was missing; other missing data noted through degrees of freedom. ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ARI = Affective Reactivity Index, mean parent- and child-report; CDRS = Children’s Depression Rating Scale; CGAS/GAF = Childrens Global Assessment Scale/Global Assessment of Functioning; DMDD = disruptive mood dysregulation disorder; IQ = full scale Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence score; LR = low risk; MDD = major depressive disorder; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; SCARED = Screen for Child AnxietyRelated Disorders, mean parent- and child-report; SIGH-SAD = Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale—Seasonal Affective Disorder; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale.
Of the HR youths, 32% had a sibling with BD; 55% had a parent with BD; and 13% had both. Thirteen of the 22 HR youths had a relative with pediatric onset BD (i.e., age of onset < 18 years). (Three youths were missing age of onset data for their first-degree relative.)
Of the youths with BD, 55% had bipolar disorder I and 45% had bipolar disorder II. Of 36 youths with BD, 34 had pediatric onset of BD. Mean age of onset = 10.1 years, SD = 3.8 years. (One youth with BD was missing age of onset datum.)
Post hoc analyses indicate that LR<HR<BD.
LR<HR+BD. Mood state at time of scan determined with CDRS (< 18 years old) or SIGH-SAD (> 18 years old; 14 youths with BD and 5 HR youths) and YMRS: Depressed = YMRS < 12 and CDRS > 40 or SIGH-SAD > 20, Hypomanic = YMRS > 12 and < 26 and CDRS < 40 or SIGH-SAD < 20, Manic = YMRS > 26 and CDRS < 40 or SIGH-SAD < 20, Mixed = YMRS > 12 and CDRS > 40 or SIGH-SAD > 20, Euthymic = does not meet criteria for other mood states.