TABLE 2.

Brain Regions in Candidate Risk and Resilience Markers and Scars

k	F 2,96	x	y	z	BA	Region	Post hoc
Candidate Risk Endophenotypes (HR+BD≠LR)
Group Main Effects
152	23.33	−41	−49	−4	37,19	Inferior/middle temporal gyrus	HR+BD<LR
40	10.29	−9	−9	49	6,4	Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (left)	HR+BD>LR
Candidate Resilience Markers (HR≠BD+LR)
GroupMain Effects
69	13.2	−41	−46	21	13	Supramarginal/angular gyrus (left)	HR<BD+LR
80	12.15	−34	−41	−16	20	Fusiform gyrus (left)	HR>BD+LR
57	14.4	−16	−56	14	30	Posterior cingulate/precuneus	HR>BD+LR
49	13.35	19	14	41	32	Superior frontal gyrus	HR>BD+LR
47	11.25	54	−49	16	39	Temporo-parietal junction	HR>BD+LR
41	14.83	49	21	24	46,9	Inferior frontal gyrus	HR>BD+LR
39	13.42	46	1	−9	38,13	Temporal pole/Insula	HR>BD+LR
Group × Emotion							Post hoc comparisons significant in...
k	F 4,1056	x	y	z	BA	Region	Group	Direction of Effects
247	8.12	19	−69	46	7	Superior parietal lobule	HR	Angry<Happy, Fearful
42	7.5	31	−9	59	6	Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (right)	HR	Angry<Happy, Fearful
Group × Emotion × Intensity
k	F 4,1056	x	y	z	BA	Region	Post hoc
85	9.75	51	31	9	45	Inferior frontal gyrus	HR curve across intensities differs from LR+BD for Angry and Happy faces
82	8.61	59	−4	24	6	Precentral gyrus	HR curve across intensities differs from LR+BD for Angry and Fearful faces
k	F 2,96	x	y	z	BA	Region	Post hoc
Candidate Disorder Sequelae (BD≠HR+LR)
Group Main Effects
392	15.1	−14	−69	36	7	Precuneus	BD<HR+LR
138	23.43	59	−16	−6	21	Superior temporal sulcus	BD<HR+LR
62	12.46	−56	−11	−9	22	Superior temporal sulcus	BD<HR+LR
232	18.65	−34	−31	61	3,40	Pre- + postcentral gyrus	BD>HR+LR
87	17.7	−51	−26	44	2	Inferior parietal lobule	BD>HR+LR
80	12.58	21	−71	−6	19	Lingual/fusiform gyrus (right)	BD>HR+LR
45	13.75	−4	1	59	6	Supplementary motor area	BD>HR+LR
41	15.29	−21	−14	54	6	Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (left)	BD>HR+LR
Group × Emotion							Post hoc comparisons significant in...
k	F 4,1056	X	y	z	BA	Region	Group	Direction of Effects
158	8.96	−34	−36	41	40	Inferior parietal lobule	BD	Happy>angry, fearful
75	7.01	46	−26	36	40	Supramarginal gyrus (right)	BD	Happy>angry, fearful

Note: “Group main effects” indicate simple main effects in youth with bipolar disorder (BD) vs. high-risk (HR) vs. lowrisk(LR) youth. “Group x emotion” interactions indicate regions where youth with BD and HR and LR youth significantly differ on activation, depending on emotion stimulus category (happy, angry, fearful). “Group x emotion x intensity” interactions indicate regions where youth with BD and HR and LR youth significantly differ on activation, depending on both emotion and intensity of the emotion (modeled as a cubic curve). See Table SI, available online, for other patterns of group differences. In all figures and tables, regions are significant at a whole-brain corrected p < .05. BA = Brodmann area.