Table 1.

Characteristics of participants in the NHANES (2009—2016) by diabetic retinopathy

Characteristics	Diabetes Mellitus (n = 2135)	Diabetic Retinopathy (n = 637)	P value
Age, years	61.1 ± 13.3	61.9 ± 13.0	0.199
SBP, mmHg	131.6 ± 19.6	132.1 ± 20.5	0.642
DBP, mmHg	68.5 ± 14.2	66.9 ± 14.3	0.075
BMI, kg/m2	32.3 ± 7.4	32.9 ± 8.2	0.098
Waist circumference, cm	109.1 ± 15.6	110.9 ± 17.8	0.081
TC, mg/dl	180.8 ± 45.2	177.0 ± 45.0	0.063
HDL, mg/dl	48.4 ± 14.4	47.5 ± 14.9	0.198
LDL, mg/dl	101.8 ± 35.9	97.7 ± 34.5	0.085
Triglycerides, mg/dl	148.7 ± 110.8	149.3 ± 116.4	0.940
CRP, mg/dl	0.5 ± 0.7	0.6 ± 0.8	0.047*
HbA1c, %	7.4 ± 1.8	7.9 ± 1.9	< 0.001**
Hemoglobin, g/dl	13.6 ± 1.6	13.4 ± 1.6	0.544
Neutrophil count, 109 /l	4.6 ± 1.7	4.8 ± 1.8	0.018*
Lymphocyte count, 109 /l	2.2 ± 0.9	2.1 ± 0.8	0.002**
NLR	2.4 ± 1.5	2.7 ± 1.7	< 0.001**
PIR	2.2 ± 1.5	2.1 ± 1.5	0.202
Diabetes duration, years	10.1 ± 4.9	12.9 ± 3.0	< 0.001**
Gender, n (%)			< 0.001**
Male	1056 (49.5)	368 (57.8)
Female	1079 (50.5)	269 (42.2)
Marital Status			0.348
Married, %	1237 (58.2)	372 (58.6)
Widowed/divorced, %	676 (31.8)	211 (33.2)
Never married, %	214 (10.1)	52 (8.2)
Stroke, n (%)			< 0.001**
Yes	173 (8.1)	80 (12.6)
No	1954 (91.9)	555 (87.4)
CHD, n (%)			0.012*
Yes	213 (10.1)	86 (13.7)
No	1898 (89.9)	544 (86.3)
HF, n (%)			< 0.001**
Yes	175 (8.3)	92 (14.6)
No	1945 (91.7)	538 (85.4)

SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, BMI Body mass index, TC Total cholesterol, HDL High density lipoprotein, LDL Low density lipoprotein, CRP C-reactive protein, HbA1c Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, NLR Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, PIR Poverty income ratio, CHD Coronary heart disease, HF Heart failure

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01