Table 3. Factors Associated With Major Pregnancy Complications Among Female Nonsurgeons and Female Surgeons and Among Female Surgeons Only^a.

Variable	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P value
Factors associated with major pregnancy complications among female nonsurgeons and female surgeons (n = 850)
Female nonsurgeons	1 [Reference]	NA
Female surgeons	1.72 (1.11-2.66)	.02
Age, y
<35	1 [Reference]	NA
≥35	1.54 (1.12-2.12)	.007
Hours of work/wk
≤60	1 [Reference]	NA
>60	1.29 (0.94-1.77)	.11
Race or ethnicityb
White	1 [Reference]	NA
Asian/Pacific Islander	1.05 (0.71-1.56)	.44
Underrepresented groupsc	1.09 (0.64-1.84)	.74
Having used IVF	1.45 (0.97-2.16)	.06
Having multiple gestation	3.56 (1.55-8.19)	.003
Subgroup analysis of female surgeons: factors associated with major pregnancy complications (n = 692) a
Age, y
<35	1 [Reference]	NA
≥35	1.66 (1.18-2.32)	.003
Hours of work/wk
≤60	1 [Reference]	NA
>60	1.25 (0.87-1.79)	.23
Frequency of overnight call during pregnancy/mo, No.
<4	1 [Reference]	NA
≥4	0.96 (0.67-1.38)	.85
Hours/wk operating during last trimester
<12	1 [Reference]	NA
≥12	1.57 (1.08-2.26)	.02
Practice setting
Community/private practice/military/other	1 [Reference]	NA
Academic/affiliated with academic center	0.87 (0.62-1.22)	.43
Race or ethnicityb
White	1 [Reference]	NA
Asian/Pacific Islander	0.92 (0.54-1.43)	.72
Underrepresented groupsc	0.80 (0.43-1.46)	.47
Required bed rest during pregnancy	2.33 (1.48-3.67)	<.001
Multiple gestation	3.86 (1.59-9.34)	.003

Abbreviation: IVF, in vitro fertilization; NA, not applicable.

^a Major pregnancy complications included preeclampsia, placental abruption, placenta previa or accreta, intrauterine growth restriction, placental insufficiency or oligohydramnios, spontaneous preterm labor, or preterm premature rupture of membranes.

^b To better understand the impact of race and ethnicity on fertility and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, participants were asked to report their race and ethnicity using categories defined by the US Office of Civil Rights,¹² with options to select multiple categories or to self-report.

^c For the adjusted analysis, race and ethnicity groups were consolidated to evaluate whether being part of an underrepresented racial or ethnic group had an affect on outcomes. This item includes individuals who identified as Black, Hispanic or Latinx, Native American, Iranian American, Middle Eastern, South Asian, Arabic, Iranian/Pakistani, and Middle Eastern. These groups have been identified by the Association of American Medical Colleges as underrepresented in medicine.