Table 1.
Mean Scores and SD of General Stress Levels, COVID-19 Related Distress Levels, and Perceived Risk of Complications From COVID-19 Related to Smoking by Smoking Status Transitions
| Study groupsa | n | General stress levels Mean (SD) |
COVID-19 related distress levels Mean (SD) |
Perceived risk of complications from COVID-19 related to smoking Mean (SD) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 392 | 7.2 (3.4) | 9.5 (6.1) | 13.2 (4.0) | |
| 1 | Sustained Abstinence (A1,A2,A3) | 53 | 5.8 (3.3) | 8.2 (6.0) | 14.0 (3.7) |
| 2 | Abstinent pre-COVID (S1,A2,A3) | 21 | 6.2 (3.6) | 10.1 (6.7) | 14.7 (3.6) |
| 3 | Newly abstinent (A1,S2,A3) | 15 | 8.4 (3.5) | 10.0 (7.0) | 14.2 (3.3) |
| 4 | Newly abstinent (S1,S2,A3) | 20 | 7.6 (3.6) | 10.3 (6.6) | 12.6 (5.9) |
| 5 | Relapsed during pandemic (A1,A2,S3) | 33 | 7.1 (3.0) | 10.9 (7.3) | 13.5 (3.9) |
| 6 | Relapsed during pandemic (S1,A2,S3) | 37 | 8.1 (2.6) | 12.5 (6.2) | 12.6 (3.8) |
| 7 | Smoking pre-COVID (A1,S2,S3) | 28 | 7.2 (2.9) | 9.5 (5.7) | 12.1 (4.9) |
| 8 | Sustained smoking (S1,S2,S3) | 182 | 7.5 (3.6) | 9.0 (5.6) | 12.9 (3.8) |
General stress levels measured using the 4-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4), a self-reported scale that generates a global stress score that is based on general questions rather than focusing on specific experiences. COVID-19 related distress was measured using the Impact of Event Scale -6 (IES-6), a self-reported scale assessing subjective distress related to a specific life event. Specific life event used in this study was COVID-19.
aEach letter in parentheses represents the smoking status at each of the three time points: A represented abstinence from smoking, S represents smoking at each of the time points. Timepoints are represented as numbers: 1 (Timepoint 1), 2 (Timepoint 2), and 3 (Timepoint 3).